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Calanoida ( Order ) |
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Calanoidea ( Superfamily ) |
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Calanidae ( Family ) |
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Calanus ( Genus ) |
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Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) (F,M) | |
| | | | | | | Syn.: | Monoculus finmarchicus Gunnerus,1770;
Cyclops finmarchicus Müller, 1776;
? Cetochilus australis Roussel de Vauzème, 1834;
Calanus spitsbergensis (F) Kröyer,1842-45;
Calanus quinqueannulatus (M) Kröyer, 1842-45 (in Damkaer & Damkaer, 1979, p.21);
Calanus affinis Kröyer, 1842-45 (in Damkaer & Damkaer, 1979 (p.21);
? Cetochilus septentrionalis Goodsir, 1843;
Temora finmarchica Claus, 1863 (p.195);
Cetochilus helgolandicus Claus, 1866;
no C. finmarchicus pontica : Karavaev, 1893 (p.3); 1894 (p.5);
no Calanus finmarchicus : Brady, 1883 (p.32); Esterly, 1905 (p.125); 1924 (p.83); Farran, 1908 b (p.20, Rem.); 1929 (part., p.207, 212); Campbell, 1929 (p.307); 1930 (p.177); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.13, figs.F); Sewell, 1947 (p.13); 1948 (p.513, 522, 526, 544, 548, 555, 559, 565); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.87, figs.19); Vervoort, 1957 (p.24); Kos, 1960 (p.656); De Decker, 1964 (p.14, 18, 30); Marques, 1966 (p.2, fig.M); Park, 1968 (p.530, Rem.); Carter, 1977 (1978) (p.35); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.82); De Decker, 1984 (p.320, Rem.); Shih & Young,1995 (p.68) | | | | Ref.: | | | Brady, 1878 (p.38, figs.F,M); Giesbrecht, 1892 (part. p.89, figs.); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (part., p.14); Wheeler, 1901 (p.164, figs.F, Rem.); Sars, 1901 a (1903) (p.9, figs.F,M); Mràzek, 1902 (p.502, figs.F, Rem.); Sharpe, 1910 (p.409); Lysholm, 1913 (p.5); With, 1915 (p.10, 12, Rem.); Brady, 1918 (p.13); Sars, 1925 (p.5); Farran, 1929 (part., 207, 212); Rose, 1929 (p.5); Jespersen, 1934 (p.10, fig.F, Rem.); 1940 (p.4); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.6); Sewell, 1948 (p.331, 495); Rees, 1949 (p.219, figs.F, M, IV, V); Farran & Vervoort, 1951 (n°32, p.3, fig.F); Wiborg, 1954 (p.79); 1955 (p.29); Jaschnov, 1957 (p.191, figs.); Woodhead & Riley, 1959 (p.465, Rem., 5, figs.F,M); Jaschnov, 1961 a (p.1323, biogéo); Brodsky, 1961 (p.14, figs.F,M); Grice, 1963 a (p.497, fig.F, Rem.); Matthews, 1966 (p.479, Rem.); Matthews, 1967 a (p.159, Rev.); Koga, 1968 (p.16, fig.: egg); Vidal, 1971 a (p.12, 21,figs.F,M); Frost, 1971 (p.23, figs.M, Rem.); Brodsky, 1972 (1975) (p.2, 9, 65, 81,118, figs.); Williams, 1972 (p.53, figs.F, carte); Marshall & Orr, 1972 (p.4 & suiv., figs.F,M, juv.); Frost, 1974 (p.77, figs.,F,M, Rev.); Raymont & al., 1974 (p.409, ultrastucture); Schnack, 1982 (p.144, fig.Md); Brodsky & al., 1983 (p.155, figs.F,M, Rem.); Boxshall, 1983 (p.121, Rem.); Brodsky & al., 1983 (p.155, figs.F,M); Roe, 1984 (p.356); Sazhina, 1985 (p.21, figs.N) ; Grigg & al., 1987 (p.254, Rem. st.5); Bradford, 1988 (p.76); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.60, 461, figs.F,M); Hulsemann, 1991 (p.620); Bradford-Grieve, 1994 (p.31); Karlson & Bamstedt, 1994 (p.79, fig.2: Md, F,M, juv.1-5); Bucklin & al., 1995 (p.658); Bucklin & al., 1996 (p.29); Aksnes & Blindheim, 1996 (p.7); Gaard, 1996 (p.50); Harris, 1996 (p.85, 95, 98); Hirche, 1996 (p.111); 1996 a (p.129: diapause); Kann & Wishner, 1996 (p.65); Bucklin & Kocher, 1996 (p.1665); Bucklin & Wiebe, 1998 (p.383, Rem.: diversité génétique moléculaire); Sundt & Melle, 1998 (p.207, Rem.); Melle & Skjoldal, 1998 (p.211, Rem.); Lindeque & al., 1999 (p.91, Biomol.); Bucklin & al., 1999 (p.239, systématique moléculaire); Braga & al., 1999 (p.79, tab.1, Biomol.); Bucklin & al., 2000 (p.1237, Rem: analyse génétique moléculaire); Ferrari & Markhaseva, 2000 (p.84, fig.); Bucklin & al., 2000 (p.1592); Hill & al., 2001 (p.279, fig.2: phylogénie); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.79: figs.F,M); Conway, 2006 (p.6, 25, copepodite stages 1-6, Rem.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.893, figs.F,M, Rem.) |  issued from : G.O. Sars in An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. IV. Copepoda Calanoida. Published by the Bergen Museum, 1903. [Pl. I]. Female. R: rostrum; or: oral parts (labrum, labium and Md blade (part.); Urs: urosome; c: cephalosome. Nota: forehead regulary rounded in lateral view.
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 issued from : G.O. Sars in An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. IV. Copepoda Calanoida. Published by the Bergen Museum, 1903. [Pl. II]. Female. C: cephalosome; M: Md; m, Mx1; mp1: Mx2; mp2: Mxp.
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 issued from : G.O. Sars in An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Vol. IV. Copepoda Calanoida. Published by the Bergen Museum, 1903. [Pl. III]. Male. Urs: urosome; mp2: Mxp.
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 issued from : S.M. Marshall & A.P. Orr in The Biology of a Marine Copepod, Springer-Verlag (Ed.), 1972. [Fig.2]. Above drawings: Female (from North Sea): Coxa of the left P5; Proximal teeth of the coxa of the right P5; Forehead (lateral view). Middle drawings: Female (from Tromsö): Coxa of the left P5; Proximal teeth of the coxa of the right P5; Forehead (lateral view). Below drawings: Calanus helgolandicus Female (from North Sea): Coxa of the left P5; Proximal teeth of the coxa of the right P5; Forehead (lateral view).
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 issued from : J.E.G. Raymont, S. Krishnaswamy, M.A. Woodhouse & R.L. Griffin in Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 1974, B. 185. [Fig.27]. Reconstruction of spermatophore.
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 issued from K. Hulsemann in Invert. Taxon., 1994, 8. [p.1477, Fig.28, C]. Female: C, urosome (left: ventral); right: dorsal). Pore signature schematic by pooled samples (symbols are considerably larger than pores): Filled circle: 100 % presence; open circle: 95-99 % presence; triangle: 50-89 % presence. n =50.
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 issued from : R. Williams in Bull. mar. Ecol., 1972, 8. [p.56, Fig.2]. Female (from N Atlantic): Lateral view (i) and ventral view (ii) of three urosomes showing the variation in shape of the spermathecae.
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 issued from : R. Williams in Bull. mar. Ecol., 1972, 8. [Plate XVII]. Female (from N Atlantic): lateral view of the urosome of the three species C. helgolandicus, C.finmarchicus and C. glacialis showing the differences in shape of their spemathecae. The edge of the operculum is easily seen in C. helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus.
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 issued from : R. Williams in Bull. mar. Ecol., 1972, 8. [Plate XVIII, XIX]. Female (from N Atlantic): Above: Ventral view of the urosomes of the three species showing the obvious differences in shape of the spermathecae. The genital pore is in a more posterior position in C. glacialis than in the other two species. Below: A dorsal view of the spermathecae still attached to the basal plate. The spermatophore sac secretion which precedes the extrusion of the spermatozoa, is clearly seen in the spermathecae of C. finmarchicus. The lobed appearance of the spermathecal sacs of C. helgolandicus is also shown.
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 issued from : S.M. Marshall & A.P. Orr in The Biology of a Marine Copepod, Springer-Verlag (Ed.), 1972. [p.12, Fig.2]. The mouthparts of adult: a, A1; b, Md; c, Mx1; d, Mx2; e, Mxp.
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 issued from : S.M. Marshall & A.P. Orr in The Biology of a Marine Copepod, Springer-Verlag (Ed.), 1972. [p.14, Fig.4]. Female & Male: a, P1; b, P4. Female: c, P5. Male: d, P5. C. helgolandicus male: e, P5.
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 issued from : B.W. Frost in Mar. Biol., 1974, 26. [p.80, Fig.5]. limits for measurements of curvature (déviation D) of medial margin of basipodites 1 and 2 of female P6 (anterior view). C. finmarchicus (left drawings) compared to C. glacialis. Scale bar a = 0.05 mm; b = 0.02 mm.
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 issued from : B.W. Frost in Mar. Biol., 1974, 26. [p.81, Fig.6]. Basipod, exopodite 1 and endopodite 1 of right P5 (anteerior view) illustrating differences between members of species groups C. finmarchicus and .
A: C. finmarchicus female.
B: C. helgolandicus female.
C: C. finmarchicus male.
D: C. helgolandicus male.
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 issued from : B.W. Frost in Mar. Biol., 1974, 26. [p.83, Fig.7]. Posterolateral margin of 5th thoracic segment and genital segment (right lateral view) for adult female C. finmarchicus (upper two rows) and C. glacialis (lower two rows). Length of prosome (measurred laterally) indicated par numbers.
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 issued from : B.W. Frost in Mar. Biol., 1974, 26. [p.86, Table 2]. Range and variation of prosome length (measured laterally, in mm) of adult females from two regions of allopatry (western North Atlantic Ocean and Central Arctic Ocean), three regions of sympatry. r: range; m: mean length of specimens; cv: coefficient of variation of length measurements; n: number of specimens.
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 issued from : B.W. Frost in Mar. Biol., 1974, 26. [p.90, Table 4]. Range of prosome length (measured laterally) of adult females in allopatric populations.
| | | | | Compl. Ref.: | | | &&&Damas & Koefoed, 1907 (part., p.382, tab.II, III); Farran, 1926 (? part., p.226); Wilson, 1932 (p.21); 1942 a (part., p.172); 1950 (part., p.177, no st. Pacif.); Jaschnov, 1958 (p.838, fig.2); Grainger, 1961 (p.663, fig.); Grice, 1962 a (p.101, 103); Anraku & Omori, 1963 (p.117, figs. juv.); Grainger, 1963 (p.70, 76, figs.); M.W. Johnson, 1963 (p.89, Table 1, 2); Martin, 1965 (p.188); Grice Hulsemann, 1965 (p.223); [Mazza, 1966 (p.69)]; Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.44, 61, 62, 63, 65, 87, 90, 94, 105, 106, 110, 234, 278); Strömgren, 1969 (p.5); Jaschnov, 1970 (p.202, carte); Itoh, 1970 (tab.1, fig.Md); Shih & al., 1971 (p.32, 201); Colebrook, 1978 (tab.1); [Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.82)]; Turner & Dagg, 1983 (p.14), van der Spoel & Heyman, 1983 (p.62); Hirche, 1983 (p.281); Colebrook, 1985 (p.261, tab.1, fig.2); Smith & al., 1985 (p.693); Williams & Collins, 1985 (p.28); Wishner & Allison, 1986 (tab.2); Tiselius, 1988 (p.221); Smith, 1988 (p.145, tab.2); Kosobokova, 1989 (p.26); Fransz & al., 1991 (p.4 & suiv.); Hirche, 1991 (p.351); Miller & Grigg, 1991 (p.479); Mumm, 1993 (tab.1, fig.2); Hays & al., 1994 (tab.1); Pasternak, 1994 (p.241); Richter, 1994 (tab.4.1a); Pedersen & al., 1995 (p.266, tabl.II); Meise & O'Reilly, 1996 (p.1473); Hays & al., 1996 (p.159, Rem.: Herring correlation); Hirche, 1996 (p.129, Rem.: diapause); Slagstad & Tande, 1996 (p.189, vertical migration); Hanssen, 1997 (tab.3.1); Mauchline, 1998 (p.508: Rem.); Kosobokova & al., 1998 (tab.2); Weslawski & Legezynska, 1998 (p.1238); Titelmann & Tiselius, 1998 (343, table 1, 2, 3); Starr & al., 1999 (p.379, figs.: egg, N, egg production); Thibault & al., 1999 (p.1391); Beare & McKenzie, 1999 (p.241, fig.4, 5); Corten, 1999 (p.191, Table 1); Kosobokova & Hirche, 2000 (p.2029, tab.2); Musaeva & Suntsov, 2001 (p.511); Holmes, 2001 (p.36, Rem.); Fransz & Gonzalez, 2001 (p.255, tab.1); Lischka & al., 2001 (p.186); Beare & al., 2002 (p.917, fig.2); Sameoto, 2001 (p.749, Table 4, Rem.: decadal changes); Beare & al., 2002 (p.29, Rem.); Beaugrand & al., 2002 (p.1692); Beaugrand & al., 2002 (p.179, figs.5, 6); Auel & Hagen, 2002 (p.1013, tab. 2, 3); Sameoto & al., 2002 (p.12); Kosobokova, 2003 (p.118: fig.2); Reid al., 2003 (p.260, figs.3, 5); Astthorsson & Gislason, 2003 (p.843); Heath & al., al., 2004 (p.698, Rem: life-cycle patterns); Gislason & Astthorsson, 2004 (p.472, tab.1, fig.4); Lindeque & al., 2004 (p.121, fig.2); Bonnet & Frid, 2004 (p.485, fig.5); Ohman & al., 2004 (p.687); CPR, 2004 (p.50, fig.137); Beaugrand, 2004 (p.3, fig.7); Vallet Dauvin, 2004 (p.539, tab.2); Dmoch & Walczowski, 2005 (p.102 + poster); Jonasdottir & al., 2005 (p.1239); Thor & al., 2005 (p.341); Bonnet & al., 2005 (p.41-45, tab.2); Manning & Bucklin, 2005 (p.233, Table 1, fig.5); Blachowiak-Samolyk & al., 2006 (p.101, tab.1); Lindeque & al., 2006 (p.221); Basedow & al., 2006 (p.1181, fig.3, Table II); Durbin & Casas, 2006 (p.2537, Table 2a, 2b, Fig.4); Runge & al., 2006 (p.2618, egg production); Cook & al., 2007 (p.757, Naupliar development times); Bonnet & al., 2007 (p.313); Walkusz & al., 2007 (p.43); Helaouët & Beaugrand, 2007 (climate change sffects); Falk-Petersen & al., 2007 (p.147, Table 9.1); Christie & al., 2008 (p.526, genetic); Hansen B.H. & al., 2008 (p.115, endocrinology); Teegarden & al., 2008 (p.33, Rem.: feeding and toxicity); Saage & al., 2008 (p.162, nutrition); Yen & al., 2008 (p.283, Rem.: kinematic); Gaard & al., 2008 (p.59, Table 1, N Mid-Atlantic Ridge); Helaouët & Beaugrand, 2009 (p.1235, fig.3, 4, 5); Telesh & al., 2009 (p.18: Table 2.1); Mackas & Beaugrand, 2010 (p.296, figs.11, 12); Beaugrand & Kirby, 2010 (p.1268, fig.3, 4) | | | | NZ: | 6 | | | | | | | | |  Chart of 1996 | |
 issued from : R. Williams in Bull. mar. Ecol., 1972, 8. [p.55, Fig.1].
Ditribution of stages V and VI in the North Atlantic from the Continuous Plankton Recorder.
The chart show the average abundance and distrubution derived from more than 43.000 samples taken a depth of 10 m during 1958 to 1968. The samples were assigned to rectangles of 1° lat. by 2° long. The boundary of the sampled area (defined as those rectangles sampled in more than 5 months) is shown by the straight lines in the chart; within this area the average abundance in each rectangle is shown by circular symbols; the presence of the species in the occasional samples outside this area is indicated by plus signs. The absence (in the sampled area) indicates that the species was not found in CPR.
large and small filled in circles and open circles, respectively, are used to indicate the following categories of abundance (average numbers per sample of 3.3 m3: >6.4 : 6.4-1.7 : <1.7 |
| | | | Loc: | | | Atlant. N (E-W), Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Narragansett Bay, G. du Maine, off Woods Hole, Georges Bank, baie de Fundy, G. du St. Laurent, off Terre-Neuve, Mer des Sargasses, Açores, Irlande, Bristol Channel, Plymouth, ? G. de Gascogne (en profondeur), off Cap Finisterre W, Azores (rare), Ungava Bay, Détroit de Davis, Disko Bay, Mer du Groenland, Islande, Spitzberg, Mer de Norvège, Mer de Barents, Pechora Sea, Mer de Laptev, Mer du Nord, Norvège S (Raunefjorden), Skagerrak, Kattegat, Arct. (Spitsbergen, Irminger Basin, Canadian abyssal plain, Lomonosov Ridge, bassin polaire: rare) | | | | N: | 116 | | | | Lg.: | | | (65) F: 5-4; M: ±3,6; (87) F: 3,6; (131) F: 4,21-2,42; M: 3,98-2,57; (328) F: ± 2,7; (329) F: 4,21-2,42; M: 3,98-2,57; (339) F: 3,8-3,3; M: 3,8-3; {F: 2,42-5,00; M: 2,57-3,98} | | | | Rem.: | Certain confusions exist in the literature between C. finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus on one side and between C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis on the other (Cf. Brodsky, 1955, p.2; Frost, 1971, p.23).
The locality records in the south Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific and Central Arctic Oceans are doubtful, or else completely mistaken.
I have not yet been able to identify the Arctic limits and in particular beyond the Barents Sea to Eastern Siberia.
Sars (1925, p.369) indicates the presence of this species at station 299 (Tyrrhenian Sea), but does not site this in the text (p. 6) suggesting its southern limit at the Azores. Rose, who indicated the species in the Bay of Alger and near Monaco in works, earlier than 1933 does not cite the species anymore but refers later to C. helgolandicus. Furnestin & Giron (1961) indicate the two species in the Catalan Sea, but Giron (1963; 1963 a) only observes C. helgolandicus in the Alboran Sea. Soenen (1969, p.56) identifies the two species near the Algerian coast (one specimen in the case of C. finmarchicus and Carli (1971, p.372, tab.1) found C. finmarchicus in the Ligurian Sea. A serious doubt exists on these identifications.
Vives (1967; 1970; 1978; 1982) and Vives & al. (1975) have never observed C. finmarchicus in the Ibero-Morroccan waters or in the Western Mediterranean.
Calanus finmarchicus telezkensis Stalberg,1931 (F)
Ref.: Stalberg, 1931 (p.209, figs.F)
Ref. compl.: Marshall & Orr, 1972 (p.10: Rem.); Lindley, 1992 (p.368: Rem.)
Loc.: Telezker Lake (central Siberia: 51°,5 N & 88 ° E)
N: 1
Lg.: F: 3-2,7; {F: 2,70-3,00}
Rem.: Surprising relict variety regarding its freshwater adaptation and its isolation that need confirmation. (see in Vereshchagin, G.J., 1940. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. Hydrogr., 40: 390-419.).
For Kosobokova & al. (2010, in press) Calanus finmarchicus is an expatriate species from Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean Basins, because the reproduction is not assumed in polar waters.
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 Any use of this site for a publication will be mentioned with the following reference :
Razouls C., de Bovée F., Kouwenberg J. et Desreumaux N., 2005-2010. - Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods. Available at http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en
[Accessed September 08, 2010] © copyright 2005-2010 CNRS, UPMC
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