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Calanoida ( Order ) |
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Epacteriscoidea ( Superfamily ) |
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| Ridgewayiidae M.S. Wilson, 1958 ( Epacteriscoidea ) | | Ref.: | M.S. Wilson, 1958 (p.174); Fosshagen,1970 b (Rev., p.27); Andronov, 1974 a (p.1005); Razouls, 1982 (p.374); 1993 (p.306); Bowman & Abele, 1982 (p.10); Huys & Boxshall, 1991(p.363, 406, 419); Ohtsuka, Fosshagen & Soh, 1996 (p.247, emend., Genera Key); Barthélémy, 1999 a (p.27); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.23, Def.); Ohtsuka & Huys, 2001 (p.461); Fosshagen & al., 2001 (p.308, Rem.: perhaps Epacteriscoidea); Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 (p.17, Rem.: emend.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.14; 49; 178: Def.; p.180: Genera Key); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.995, part. genus Key);
For Bradford-Grieve & al. ( 2014, p.507, Rem.: p.526)
Bradford-Grieve J.M., (2002 onwards). Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1 : 2 oct 2002. http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm  | | Rem.: | Wilson places this new family in the superfamily of the Centropagina (Gurney, 1931). Furthermore, this superfamily would comprise the family of the Pseudocyclopidae but not the Platycopiidae for which the systematic position cannot be defined in spite of Lang's opinion (1948). Fosshagen adds the genera Exumella and Placocalanus permitting him to redefine the family of the Ridgewayiidae. The author underlines that certain characters can be interpreted either in a phylogenetic sense or as adaptive convergences to quasi benthic life conditions. In this sense Placocalanus shares characters with the Harpacticoidae. Concerning this family, Andronov discusses the hypothesis of Gurney on the filiation of the Calanoida and places the Ridgewayiidae in the superfamily of the Pseudocyclopoidea (with the Pseudocyclopidae) closer to the ancestral forms than all other families. For Boxshall & Halsey (2004) this family is included in the superfamily of the Epacteriscoidea).
Total: 10 G.: Badijella, Brattstromia, Exumella, Exumellina, Hondurella, Normancavia, Placocalanus, Ridgewayia, Robpalmeria, Stargatia.
For Bradford-Grieve & al. ( 2014, p.507, 526) the family is a synonym of Pseudocyclopidae.
Definition from Bradford-Grieve (1999b, p.23) :
Female:
- Bottom-living calanoids, small.
- Body stout, sometimes laterally compressed.
- Rostrum down-turned, with a broad base, rounded or pointed distally, usually without filaments.
- Head and 1st pediger segment separate, 4th and 5th pediger segments fused or separate.- Genital segment symmetrical or asymmetrical in dorsal view; paired genital openings are xlosely set.
- Caudal rami short with 6 setae; outermost of which is short and usually spinous, 2nd seta from inner margin is longest or strongest.
- A1 23-26 segmented (with an indication of the 27 segments in Exumella, and with a tendency to elongation of last 3 segments; in Placocalanus 1st segment large and posterior margin extended into a broad, falttened process.
- Mouthparts usually of normal construction although in Exumella, setation slightly reduced on A2 and mandibular palp, and Mx2 and Mxp modified..
- A2 endopod slightly shorter than exopod; basipods 1 and 2 with 1 and 2 setae respectively; endopod segment 1 with 1-2 setae, segment 2 with 7+4-9 setae; exopod 6-8 segmented with variable numbers of setae.
- Md blade strong with multiple teeth in varying arrangements; basis with 0-4 setae; endopod segments 1 and 2 with 0-5 and 6-11 setae respectively; exopod 4-segme,ted with 1, 1, 1, 3 setae respectively.
- Mx1 inner lobe 1 (arthrite) with 10-13 spines and setae; inner lobes 2 and 3 with 3-5 and 4 setae respectively; basipod with 4-5 setae; endopod with 3-4, 3-4, 5-7 setae (or a total of 10 in Placocalanus; exopod well-developed with 9-12 setae; outer lobe 2 with 1 seta or absent , outer lobe 1 with 9 setae.
- Mx2 lobes 1-5 with 5-6, 2-3, 2-3, 3, 3-4 setae respectively; endopod with 8-10 setae.
- Mxp basipod 1 with lobes 1-3 with2-3, 2-4, 3-4 setae respectively; basipod 2 with 2+1 or 1 seta towards distal end; endopod 6-segmented, segment 1 almost completely fused to basipod 2 with 2 setae, segments 2-6 with 2-4, 2-4, 2-4, 2-3+1, 2-4 setae respectively.
- P1 modified in Placocalanus, particularly basipod 2 (= basis) which carries a large process on anterior surface; yjere is also a slight reduction in the number of setae on other swimming legs in this genus; all exopods of swimming legs usually carry strong outer spines (see Table of spines and setal formula).
- P5 biramous and similar to other swimming legs; exopod 3-segmented, last segment articulated at the middle of inner margin of 2nd segment (the most characteristic feature of the family); endopods 1-3 segmented.
Male:
- Urosome 4-5 segmented.
- A1 geniculate on right, 20-25 segmented.
- Mouthparts similar to those of female.
- P5 asymmetrical, biramous, and a highly complex grasping organ; both basipod 1 may be fused into a common plate or may be separate; endopods usually 1-segmented, but 3-segmented in Exumella; right exopod usually 2-segmented and left exopod usually 3-segmented.
Key to genera after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.180) (modified, Badijella and Hondurella not included) :
1 – Body extremely compressed laterally ; A1 with compound proximal segment expanded posteriorly to form pointed lamella ……..Placocalanus.
1’ – Body not compressed laterally ; A1 with unmodified, cylindrical proximal segment ……. 2.
2 – P3 and P4 with only 2 outer spines on 3rd exopodal segments ; 2nd endopodal segment of Md and free endopodal segments of Mx1 forming large flattened plates, with reduced setation ……..3.
2’ – P3 and P4 with 3 outer spines on 3rd exopodal segments ; endopods of Md and Mx1 with unmodified, cylindrical segments ……. 4.
3 – 3rd exopodal segment of female P5 not markedly offset at its articulation with 2nd segment ; Mx1 endopod 3-segmented ……….. Stargatia.
3’ – 3rd exopodal segment of female P5 markedly offset at its oblique articulation with 2nd segment ; Mx1 endopod 2-segmented ……… Exumellina.
4 - Rostrum with paired filaments ; Mxp powerfully developed, reflexed ……. 5.
4’ – Rostrum without filaments ; Mxp not reflexed ……. 7.
5 – Md palp with reduced endopod and lacking setae on basis ; male P5 with 3-segmented endopods ……… Exumella.
5’ – Md palp with well developed endopod and armed with 1 or 2 setae on basis ; male P5 with lobate or at most 2-segmented endopods …… 6.
6 – Female P5 uniramous, lacking endopod ; male P5 with elongate endopods, 2-segmented and with distal setae on right side …… Normancavia.
6’ – Female P5 biramous, with both rami 3-segmented ; male P5 with rudimentary unsegmented endopods on both sides …… Robpalmeria.
7 – Rostrum bifurcate at tip ; endopod of Mxp bearing modified setae with comb-like tip …… Brattstromia.
7’ - Rostrum produced ventrally to rounded or pointed simple tip ; Mxp without modified setae …….. Ridgewayia. |  issued from : F. Krsinic mar. Biol. Res., 2005, 1. [p.289].
Some comparative characteristics for all genera of the family Ridgewayiidae. |
 Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.178]. Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4. Nota: Setation sometimes reduced, particularly on endopod P1 (0-0; 0,0,3 or 0,0,4) and 3rd exopodal segment of P1 to P4 of Placocalanus. Outer seta on basis of P1 present only in Placocalanus. - P2 to P4 typically with conspicuous process just medial to spine on outer margin of exopodal segments 1 and 2. |
 Issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve in NIWA | | | | | (1) Badijella Krsinic, 2005 | |
| | Ref.: | Krsinic, 2005 (p.282) | | Rem.: | Sp. type: Badijella jalzici (from anchialine cave). 1sp. | | | | (2) Brattstromia Fosshagen, 1991 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1991(p.339); Razouls, 1993 (p.306); Mauchline, 1998 (p.70:F; p.73: M); Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1998 (p.379); Barthélémy, 1999 a (p.30); Bradford-Grieve, 2004 (p.287); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | sp. type: Brattstromia longicaudata . 1 sp. | | | | (3) Exumella Fosshagen, 1970 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen, 1970 b (p.36); Grahame, 1979 (p.21: Rem.); Razouls,1982 (p.376); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.62, 63); Razouls, 1993 (p.306); Mauchline, 1998 (p.70: F; p.73: M); Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1998 (p.379); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.24, Déf.); Bradford-Grieve, 2004 (p.287); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Suarez-Morales & Iliffe, 2005 (p.420: Rem., 421: Key of species); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | Coastal forms, anchialine, epibenthic. Type: Exumella polyarthra Fosshagen,1970. 4 spp.
Definition after Bradford-Grieve (1999 b, p.24) :
- As in the familly.
- Head and 1st pediger separated, 4th and 5th pedigers separate.
- Urosome 3-segmented in female; 4-segmented in male.
Genital segments asymmetrical, produced on right side in female, and on left side in male.
- Rostrum downturned, rounded plate with 2 filaments at its tip.
- A1 26-segmented in female; male right A1 20-segmented.
- A2 exopod slightly longer than endopod; endopod segment 2 elongated with no distinct inner lobe.
- Md bears a well-developed masticatory blade with sharp teeth; endopod reduced in size with 0, 6 setae on segments 1 and 2, respectively.
- Mx1 well-developed.
- Mx2 short, compact, with anterior margin of proximal joints produced into large lappets.
- Mxp strong, with a reflexed terminal part; 2 proximal segments of endopod elongated and distal segments short; endopod carries some modified setae, distal ones of which are long.
- Both rami of P1-P4 3-segmented similar in most resêcts to Ridgewayia, but without extra processes on P1 outer distal margin of exopod segments 1 and 2.
- P5 of female with both rami 3-segmented; last segment of exopod of exopod arises from the middle of inner margin of preceding segment.
- Male P5 exopods 2-segmented and elongate, its terminal segment carrying long spines and modified processes.
- Basipod 2 of P5 in both sexes carries a long seta on its outer margin. | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 0.894 mm. (n = 7, SD = 0.142), and the mean male size is 0.868 mm. (n = 6, SD = 0.1005). The size ratio male: female is 0.971 | | | | | (4) Exumellina Fosshagen, 1998 | |
| | Ref.: | in Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1998 (p.374, 379); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180) | | Rem.: | 1 sp. | | | | (5) Hondurella Suarez-Morales & Iliffe, 2007 | |
| | Ref.: | Suarez-Morales & Iliffe, 2007 (p.341, Def.) | | Rem.: | Type: Hondurella verrucosa Suarez-Morales & Iliffe, 2007. Total: 1 sp.
Diagnosis from Suarez-Morales & Iliffe (2007, p.340):
- Female: body slender, not compressed laterally.
- Head and Pedigerous somites 1 fused, 4th and 5th pediger somites fused.
- Posterior corners of prosome smooth, rounded.
- Urosome 4-segmented;
- Genital double-somite asymmetrical, left margin modified; somite projected ventrally.
- Caudal rami relatively short, slightly shorter than anal somite. Seta V symmetrical on both caudal rami.
- Rostrum pointed, strong, with single lobe, filaments absent.
- A1 relatively short, reaching 4th prosome somite, 26-segmented.
- A2 with exopod longer than endopod; exopod plesiomorphic, 8-segmented.
Md basis with 4 setae; endopod 2-segmented, with distal segment having 9 setal elements.
- Mxp with 5-segmented endopod bearing some modified setae.
- P1 with long spiniform expansions on 2nd exopodal segment; outer spines on 3rd exopodal segment with subterminal filament; endopod with reduced number of setae (7).
- P1-P4 with 3-segmented endopods and exopods.
- 3 outer spines on exopods of P3 and P4.
- P5 with 3rd exopodal segment apparently unmodified except for articulated setae and slight asymmetry of insertion and moderate lateral expansion on 2nd exopod; endopod 1-segmented, represented by elongated rod-like structure sdistally acute.
- Male : body smaller and slenderer than female;
- Urosome 5-segmented.
- Caudal rami and setae symmetrical.
- Right A1 23-segmented, geniculated, with spines on segments 11 and 12.
- Mouthparts and P1-P4 similar to female.
- P5 with both endopods reduced, 1-segmented; right exopod reduced, 1-segmented, left exopod highly modified. | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | Female body length (including caudal rami as usual): 1.12- 1.25 mm, and for mean length male: 1.10 mm. | | | | (6) Normancavia Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 (p.29); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | 1 sp. | | | | (7) Placocalanus Ohtsuka, Fosshagen & Soh, 1996 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen, 1970 b (p.44, Rem. p.55-56); Razouls, 1982 (p.376); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.50); Razouls, 1993 (p.306); Ohtsuka, Fosshagen & Soh, 1996 (p.248, emend., clé des spp.); Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1998 (p.379); Mauchline, 1998 (p.66); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.24, Déf.); 2004 (p.287); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | type: Placocalanus insularis Fosshagen, 1970. Total: 5 spp.
For Fosshagen (1970 b, p.55) this genus seems to be a true bottom-living calanoids. The small, compressed and slender body-shape, the short, modified A1, and the unusual P1 seem to indicate this way of life. The function of the large process on A1 is not obvious, but it may be related to the bottom-living habits of the species; it may act as a shield protecting the mouthparts when the animal forces its way through loose sediment, or as a device for stirring up particles and for digging. It is to notice characters in common with several harpacticoids, such as the large single aesthetasc in the middle of A1, the modified P1, and the outer setae on the coxa of P1, P3 and P4. The structure of P1 suggests that this limb has other than a purely swimming function, perhaps being used for digging or holding fast to the substrate.
Diagnosis from Ohtsuka & al. (1996, p.248) :
- Body compressed laterally.
- Cephalosome and pedifgerous somite 1 separate, 4th and 5th pedigerous somites fused.
- Urosome elongate, slender, 4-segmented in female and 5-segmented in male.
- Genital double-somite of female with single genital operculum ventromedially.
- 3rd urosomal somite in female and 4th in male longest in urosome.
- Anal somite small, partly or almost completely covered by the preceding somite ;
- Subterminal outermost caudal seta spiniform.
- Rostrum bluntly or sharply poited at tip without terminal filaments.
- A1 of both sexes unique in having 1st segment with posterior distal margin expanded and produced into flattened, triangular process, reaching, ar most, to the end of cephalosome, 22- or 23-segmented in female and 20- or 21-segmented in right geniculate A1 in male ; compound segment XV-XVI with large aesthetasc in both sexes. Sheath present between segments XIV and XV-XVI in right A1 of male.
- Mouthpart appendages showing neither extreme modification nor reduction in any sex.
- P1 conspicuously modified : basis with or without anvil-like process ; endopod 1- to 3-segmented, tapering distally ; exopod slender, 3-segmented.
- Both rami of P2 - P4 usually 3-segmented, but proximal two endopod segments of P4 may be fused.
- Second endopod segments of P2 – P4 sharply produced at outer distal corner, with 1 or 2 inner setae.
- P5 female : endopod 1- or 3-segmented, 3rd segment originating from halfway along inner margin of second, as in other ridgewayiids.
- P5 male endopod 1- or 2 segmented, second segment unarmed or bearing several elements terminally ; right exopod 2-segmented, furnished with 2 or 3 spines and 1 inner seta ; left exopod 3-segmented, 1st segment with outer distal spine, 2nd bearing outer distal spine and expanded process or foliaceous spine or process on inner distal corner, 3rd segment tapering distally to acute process or ending in spine | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 0,486 mm (n= 4; S= 0,061; Cv= 0,126) and the mean male size is 0,455 mm (n= 5; S= 0,058; Cv= 0,127). The size ratio (M/F) is 0,974 or 97,4 % (n= 4; S= 0,057; Cv= 0,059) | | | | (8) Ridgewayia Thompson & Scott, 1903 | |
| | Syn.: | Suezia Gurney, 1927 d (p.457,458); Lampoidopus Esterly, 1911 b (p.219) | | Ref.: | Thompson & Scott, 1903 (p.245); M.S. Wilson, 1958 (p.140, p.173, Redef., clé des spp.); Ummerkutty, 1963 (p.25); Fosshagen, 1970 b (p.25, 28, Rem.); Razouls, 1982 (p.374); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.50); Razouls, 1993 (p.306); Mauchline, 1998 (p.70: F; p.43: M); Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1998 (p.379); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.23, Déf.); 2004 (p.287); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.990); Figueroa, 2011 (p.157, 161 Rem.) | | Rem.: | Type: Ridgewayia typica I.C. Thompson & A. Scott, 1903. 14 spp. + 1 variety + 3 unident.
Epibenthic forms, coastal.
Definition after Braddord-Grieve (1999, p.25) :
- As in the family.
- Head and pediger 1 indistinctly separated, pedigers 4 and 5 separte.
- Urosome 4-5 segmented in female; 4-5 segmented in male.
- Paired genital openings closely set.
- Caudal rami longer than wide with 4 terminal setae, 1 outer spine may be present.
- Rostrum downturned, broad at its base, rounded or pointed distally, filaments lacking.
- Cephalic appendages all of primitive calanoid type, without reduction, excessive modification, or sexual differentiation.
- A1 extending to end of metasome or to caudal rami; 25-26 segmented in female, the 3 apical segments elongated; left A1 male like that of female, that on right 21-24 segmented, with a moderately developed geniculation, segmentation beyond this specialised joint varying from 3 or 4 segments.
- A2, exopod 7-8 segmented, with apical segment elongate and slightly longer than endopod.
- Md masticatory blade not conspicuously expanded, wiyout gaps between the 7-10 shallowly incised teeth; basipod with 3-4 lateral setae.
- Mx1 with outer lobe 1 (arthrite) with 13 spines and setae ; outer lobe 2 with 0 or 1 seta; inner lobes 2 and 3 each with 4-5 setae; basipod with 4-5 setae; endopod segments 1, 2 and 3 with about 4, 4, 5-7 setae, respectively, and with varying degrees of fusion between segments; exopod lobed and with about 11 setae.
- Mx2 lobes 1-6 with 4, 2-3, 2-3, 3, 3-4, 3-4 setae respectively.
Mxp- basipod 1 with 4 lobes or groups of setae ; endopod shorter than basipod segments 1 and 2, of 5 well-defined segments with about 4, 4, 3, 4, 4 setae respectively.
- P1 basipod 2 (= basis) with 1 inner seta, often with 1 outer seta on P4 and P5.
- Endopod segment 2 on P1-P4 with 2, 2, 2, 1-2 setae respectively; endopod segment 3 on P1-P4 with 6, 8, 5-8, 6-7 setae respectively.
- Female P5 slender, symmetrical, with a well-developed 3-segmented exopod and reduced 2-segmented endopod; exopod modified with segment 3 constricted basally and set into a narrowed, well-defined socket of segment 2, the outer spine-bearing portion of segment 2 enlarged and considerably produced beyond this insertion; exopod segment 3 with 4 spines and 4 setae; endopod segme,t 2 with 6-7 setae.
Male P5 right and left basipod 1 fused; both rami modified and strongly asymmetrical; right exopod 2-segmented, segment 2 tending to elongation with 2 outer marginal spines, or with 1 proximal spine and more distally placed spinous points; left exopod 3-segmented, segment 3 considerably modified with a short but stout basal portion from which may extend spines, complex ornamenied processes, and fragmented membranes of irregular length; endopods unsegmented, right elongate, left much shorter, either endopod entirely unarmed or with setae, spines, or processes.
After Figueroa & Hoefel (2008, p.146) it is presently thought that Ridgewayia is a Tethyan relict (see Ohtsuka & al., 2000). Most members of the marki species-group are found in the Caribbean and they include: R. marki marki, (Bermuda), R. shoemakeri (Dry Tortugas, Florida), R. fosshageni (bahamas, Panama), and R. klausruetzleri (Belize). There is one member from the Mediterranean, R. marki minorcaensis (Minorca) and one from the Indo-West Pacific, R. stygia (Palau). Ohtsuka (2000) points out the faunistic link between the Western Central Pacific and Caribbean, and suggests that the ancestor of R. stygia migrated from the Caribbean into the Western Central Pacific during the Miocene when the Tethys Sea was circumtropical. This is a feasible theory, and the discovery of R. define and R. tunela in the Eastern Pacific can be viewed as further evidence of a westward dispersal of these marki species-group ridgewayiids. The present Galapagos Islands are geologically young, the oldest Islands have been dated to be 4-5 millions years old (Hall, 1983) ; but there is evidence that sea mounts and/or islands have been emerging from the Galapagos hot spot as far back as 75-95 million years ago. Hoernle & al. (2002) show that the entire Caribbean plate originated from the Galapagos hotspot during the Cretaceaos period. This places the emergence of oceanic islands around the Galapagos hot spot well within the time frame needed for a Tethyan dispersal of the ancestors of R. stygia, R. define and R. tunela from the Caribbean into the Pacific. Although this Tethyan hypothesis is one of the favored explanations for the present distribution of anchjaline fauna, it does not exclude the possibility that some of the inhabitants of anchialine systems have colonized these habitats more recently (Boxshall & Jaume, 1999).
The Tethys Sea remained open and circumtropical until about 20 million years ago (Hrbek & Meyer, 2003), but the dispersal of the marki species-group from the Caribbean into the Pacific could have taken place after this period before the closing of the Panama seaway 3.5 million years ago (Nesbitt & Young, 1997). Thus, the colonization of Galapagos by the members of the marki species-group could have come directly from the Caribbean to the present day islands.
Both dispersal scenarios call for the colonization of the marki species-group from the Caribbean into the Pacific, but the possibility remains that members of this group present in the Western Pacific subsequently migrated into the Caribbean. A major argument against a modern day dispersal of ridgwayiids is the 5000 km expanse of deep water separating the Central Pacific and the Eastern Pacific. This marine barrier was first mentioned by Darwin (1859) in The Origin of Species, and it is now referred to as the Eastern Pacific Barrier (EPB). Since there are no islands present across this vast stretch of deep ocean, the EPB acts as a barrier to dispersal of shallow water species. The effectiveness of this barrier has been demonstrated by the large number of shallow species that are not shared by these two regions, in contrast to the very few species that are found on both sides (Lessios & al., 1998 ; Lessios & Robertson, 2006).
There is a debate about the few transpacific species, whether they are the remnants of a previously continuous Tethyan distribution that have not evolved morphological differences since the emergence of the EPB, or whether there is dispersal across the EPB that maintains sufficient gene flow to prevent speciation.
The genetic analysis performed by Lessios & Robertson (2008), concerning transpacific reef fish, demonstrated the dispersal occurred stochastically in time and with respect to species dispersed ; and that gene flow occurred in both directions. Such evidence raises the possibility that the Ridgewayiids from the Galapagos and Palau are the result of post-Tethyan dispersal. Genetic studies of the various Ridgewayia species will be essential for determining the biogeographic history of this genus. | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 0,852 mm (n= 10; S= 0,111; Cv= 0,130) and the mean male size is 0,781 mm (n= 11; S= 0,099; Cv= 0,127). The size ratio (M/F) is 0,932 ou 93,2 % (n= 9; S= 0,057; Cv= 0,061) | | | | | (9) Robpalmeria Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 (p.25); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | Total: 1 sp. | | | | (10) Stargatia Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 | |
| | Ref.: | Fosshagen & Iliffe, 2003 (p.17); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.180); Krsinic, 2005 (p.289: tab.I) | | Rem.: | Total: 1 sp. | | | | | |
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Razouls C., Desreumaux N., Kouwenberg J. and de Bovée F., 2005-2024. - Biodiversity of Marine Planktonic Copepods (morphology, geographical distribution and biological data). Sorbonne University, CNRS. Available at http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en [Accessed April 24, 2024] © copyright 2005-2024 Sorbonne University, CNRS
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