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Calanoida ( Order ) |
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Calanoidea ( Superfamily ) |
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Calanidae ( Family ) |
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Calanus ( Genus ) |
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Calanus simillimus Giesbrecht, 1902 (F,M) | |
| | | | | | | Syn.: | Calanus propinquus : Giesbrecht, 1892 (part., p.91, 129, figs.); Ramirez, 1969 (p.35, figsF,M);
? C. aculeatus Brady, 1918 (p.14);
Calanus sp. Bary, 1951. | | | | Ref.: | | | Giesbrecht, 1902 (p.17, fig.F); Wolfenden, 1908 (p.10, figs.F); 1911 (p.192, Rem.F); Brady, 1918 (p.14, Rem.); Farran, 1929 (p.207, 213, Rem.); Hardy & Gunther, 1935 (p.122); Vervoort, 1951 (p.11, figs.F,M, Rem.); 1957 (p.25, Rem.); Tanaka, 1960 (p.12, figs.F,M); 1964 (p.5); Vervoort, 1965 b (p.384, figs.F,M); Brodsky, 1967 b (p.225, fig.F); 1987 c (p.1441, fig.M); Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.68, 234); Marshall & Orr, 1972 (p.8); Brodsky, 1972 (1975) (p.9, 71, 87, 117, figs.); Bradford & Jillett, 1974 (p.6); Vyshkvartzeva, 1976 (p.14); 1977 (p.97, figs.); Séret, 1979 (p.24, figs.F,M, Rem.); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.618, figs.F,M); Fleminger, 1985 (p.275, 285, Table 1, 4, Rem.: A1); Bradford, 1988 (p.74, 76); Razouls, 1994 (p.28, figs.F,M); Bradford-Grieve, 1994 (p.33, figs.F,M, fig.98); Mazzochi al., 1995 (p.100, figs.F,M, Rem.); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.877, 907, figs.F,M); Ramirez & Sabatini, 2000 (p.26, figs.F,M); Chiba & al., 2001 (p.95, tab.4); Hill & al., 2001 (p.279, fig.2: phylogeny); Marrari & al., 2004 (p.667, tab.1); Park & Ferrari, 2009 (p.143, Appendix 1) |  issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve in The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic Calanoid Copepoda. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 102, 1994. [p.34, Fig.11]. Female: A, habitus (right lateral side); B, posterior body (dorsal); C, P5. Male: D, habitus (dorsal); E, P5.
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 Issued from: M.G. Mazzocchi, G. Zagami, A. Ianora, L. Guglielmo & J. Hure in Atlas of Marine Zooplankton Straits of Magellan. Copepods. L. Guglielmo & A. Ianora (Eds.), 1995. [p.101, Fig.3.14.1]. Female: A, cephalosome (dorsal; B, urosome (dorsal); C, P5; D, basipod 1 and 2 of P5. Nota: Proportional lengths of urosomites and furca 36:17;14:13:20 = 100. Last thoracic somite with triangular-shaped margins which extend half-way across genital somite; postero-lateral corners pointed with points slightly produced. Genital somite longer than wide. Internal margins of basipod 1 of P5 carry about 18 triangular teeth of equal size and small cluster of 3-4 teeth isolated from the others. Male: E, urosome (dorsal); F, P5. Nota: Proportional lengths of urosomites and furca 12:31:17:13:13:14 = 100. basipod 1 of P5 with asymmetrical left and right sides, this latter shorter than the left; both furnished with triangular teeth on inner margin (20-22 on left. The specimens are similar to those described by Vervoort (1951) except for the toothing of the margins of basipods 1 of P5 in both females and males.
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 Issued from: M.G. Mazzocchi, G. Zagami, A. Ianora, L. Guglielmo & J. Hure in Atlas of Marine Zooplankton Straits of Magellan. Copepods. L. Guglielmo & A. Ianora (Eds.), 1995. [p.101, Fig.3.14.2]. Female (SEM preparation): A, habitus (dorsal); B, detail of fine hairs on inner margins of caudal rami; C, habitus (lateral right side); D, pointed postero-lateral rihht corner of last thoracic somite; E, urosome (dorsal); F, P5; G, detail of internal margin of basipod 1 of P5 bearing triangular teeth (arrow in F). Bars: A, C 0.500 mm; B, D 0.050 mm; E, F 0.100 mm; G 0.010 mm.
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 Issued from: M.G. Mazzocchi, G. Zagami, A. Ianora, L. Guglielmo & J. Hure in Atlas of Marine Zooplankton Straits of Magellan. Copepods. L. Guglielmo & A. Ianora (Eds.), 1995. [p.103, Fig.3.14.3]. Male (SEM preparation): A, habitus (dorsal); B, cephalic integumental organ (white arrow in A); C, integumental protuberance at midpoint of postero-dorsal margin of cephalon (black arrow in A); D, pointed postero-lateral left corner of last thoracic somite; E, P5; F, inner margin of basipod 1 of P5 bearing triangular teeth (arrow in E); G, detail of last segment of P5 left exopod. bars A 0.500 mm; B, C, F 0.010 mm; D, G, 0.050 mm; E 0.100 mm.
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 issued from : F.C. Ramirez in Contr. Inst. Biol. mar., Buenos Aires, 1969, 98. [p.36, Lam. IV, figs.18-22 ]. As Calanus propinquus. Female (from off Mar del Plata): 18, habitus (dorsal); 19, idem (lateral left side); 21, internal margin of basipodal segments 1 of P5. Male: 20, P5; 22, habitus (lateral right side). Scale bars in mm:
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 issued from K. Hulsemann in Invert. Taxon., 1994, 8. [p.1477, Fig.28, M]. Female: M, urosome (left: ventral); right: dorsal). Pore signature schematic by pooled samples (symbols are considerably larger than pores): Filled circle: 100 % presence; open circle: 95-99 % presence; triangle: 50-89 % presence. n = 20.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.12, Fig.3]. Female (from 51°11'S, 11°17'E): a,-b, habitus (lateral and dorsal, respectively). Nota : The genaral shape of the body resembles that of Calanus finmarchicus. Head and 1st thoracic segment separated (the line separating these portions is less distinct than between the other thoracic somites), 4th and 5th separate. Head obtuse (in dorsal aspect), the extreme portion is broadly rounded and slightly produced, in lateral aspect smoothly rounded ; frontal organ scarcely visible ; rostrum consists of 2 selender filaments. Proportional lengths of cephalothorax and abdomen as 18.3 :6. Postero-lateral thoracic border pointed, points slightly produced but not acuminate, the last thoracic somite is triangulary produced, the apex reaches about the middle of the genital segment. Urosome 4-segmented, proportional lengths with the caudal rami 35 :18 :13 :13 :21 = 100. A1 25-segmented (segmentation between the 1st-2nd and 8th-9th segments is indistinct, although present).
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.13, Fig.4]. Female: a-b, posterior part cephalothorax and urosome (dorsal and lateral, respectively; caudal setae omitted); c, genital somite (ventral). Nota: Genital segment about 1.5 times as long as wide, laterally with a distinct genital swelling ; in dorsal aspect it is symmetrical ; genital flap in middle of ventral surface, squarish, partly covering the outline of 2 small, circular receptacles. Anal segment wider than long, with distinct anal flap. Caudal rami about twice as long as wide, each with 4 marginal, plumose setae of equal length, each ramus carries 1 thin external seta and a curved, plumose internal seta ; no spines or hairs are to be found along the caudal borders of the abdominal segments and the internal margin of the caudal rami.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.14, Fig.5]. Female: a, left A2; b, left Md; c, left Mx2; d, left Mxp. Nota: A2 and oral parts are not essentially different from those of Calanus finmarchicus. A2 with the 1st endopodal segment long, about 4 times as long as wide, with 2 plumose setae anong the internal margin, at ¾ of its length ; 2 nd endopodal segment short, with 8 setae on the interna land 6 setae on the external lobe, plus 2 setae on the posterior surface ; exopod 7-segmented. Exopod of mandibular palp 5-segmented ; 1st endopodal segment with sack-like tubercle, carrying 4 setae ; 2nd endopodal segment short, with 9 terminal setae and 2 setae on the posterior surface. Mx1 with rather small 1st inner lobe, carrying 10 strong and 4 slender spines ; 2nd and 3 rd lobes each with 4 setae ; 1st outer lobe small, with 9 plumose setae ; 2nd outer lobe with small, plumose seta ; 2 nd basal segment with 4 setae along the internal margin ; exopod with 11 setae ; 1st endopodal segment with 4, 2nd with 4 and apical segment with 7 setae. Mx2 with outer margin of the 1st basal segment not greatly arched, carrying a distinct, long, plumose seta ; the various lobes not greatly developed, the 1st lobe has 4 + 2, the 2nd 2 + 1, the 3rd 2 + 1, the 4th 2 + 1, the 5th 2 + 2 and the 6th 1 + 1 setae ; in addition there are setae on the segments of the endopod, viz., 1, 2, 2, respectively on each segment.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.15, Fig.6]. Female: a, left Md (cutting edge); b, left Mx1.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.16, Fig.7]. Female: a-c, P2 to P4 (right feet; anterior surface).
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.18, Fig.8]. Female: a, right P1; b, right P5 (of both feet the anterior surface figured). Nota: Internal margin of the 1st basl segment of P5 with 16 distinct, triangular teeth of nearly equal size, the basal 3 or 4 more or less separate from the rest.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.19, Fig.9]. Male: a-b, habitus (lateral and dorsal, respectively). Nota : The genaral shape of the body differs only slightly from that of the female. Head and 1st thoracic segment separate, 4th and 5th separate. Head smoothly and broadly rounded into filiform rostrum, which is slightly shorter than in the female. Frontal organ distinct, with a pair of minute hairs. Profil of the head back with a distinct, rounded knob opposite the place of attachement of A2. Proportional lengths of cephalothorax and abdomen as 173 :55. Postero-lateral thoracic border produced into small, triangular flaps, reaching the distal margin of the 1st urosomal segment. Urosome 5-segmented ; proportions of segments, with the caudal rami, 10 :29 :17 :13 :16 :15 = 100. Genital segment (1st urosomal segment) produced on the left side. Anal segment with a distinct anal flap. Caudal rami diverging, about twice as long as broad, each ramus with 4 marginal setae of equal length and thickeness, in addition 1 curved internal seta and 1 small external seta, all setae are densely plumose. A1 22-segmented (1st-2nd segments and 3rd-5th segments fused, although weak lines separating the segments can be observed), reaching the anal segment, the two subapical segments have long and densely plumose setae.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.20, Fig.10]. Male: a, posterior part cephalothorax and urosome (dorsal (right caudal setae omitted); b, basal portion of P5 (posterior surface; rt = right 1st basal segment, lt = left 1st basal segment).
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.21, Fig.11]. Male: a, posterior part cephalothorax, left P5 and urosome (lateral view); b, left Md (mandibular palp).
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.22, Fig.12]. Male: a, left Mx2; b, left Mx1; c, Md (cutting edge); d, left A2; e, left Mxp. Nota: A2 and oral parts, compared with those of te female, slightly reduced in length ; the more noticiable differences are to be observed in the A2, mandibular palp and Mxp. A2 has the same number of setae as in female, but the endopod is of reduced length, the exopod being slightly longer ; 1st endopodal segment about 3 times as long as wide, with a patch of long hairs along the distal part of the external margin ; external marginof the 2nd endopodal segment with some long, scattered hairs. The mandibular palp differs from that the female by the broader 2nd endopodal segment, which carries rather thick setae, 9 along the margin and 2 on the posterior surface. The sack-like protuberance on the 1st endopodal segment is very distinct, it has 4 setae ; the cutting edge of the manducatory plate differs mainly in size from that of the female, the same number of groups of teeth is to be observed, but some are reduced in length. Mx1 and Mx2 differ from those of the female in size, while some of the plumose setae observed in the female appear to be spinulose in the male. Mxp of the male differs by the reduced length of the endopod, but the same number of setae has been found.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.23, Fig.13]. Male: a, right P1; b, right P2; c, right P3/ (The anterior surface of all feet has been figured). Nota: P1 to P4 are nearly identical with those of the female.
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 issued from : W. Vervoort in Verh. K. ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurk., 1951, (Sect. 2) 47 (2). [p.25, Fig.14]. Male: a, left P5 (posterior surface; basal segments drawn from slightly oblique position); b, 1st basal segment ot the right P5 (anterior surface; 2 teeth are invisible); c, right P5 (anterior surface; basal segments slightly turned, so that the teeth along the inner edge of the 1st basal segment are invisible. Nota: 1st basal segment of the left P5 longer than on the right side, with internally a row of 18-22 triangular spinules (smaller than in the female) ; right P5 not greatly modified, reaching slightly beyond the distal margin of the left 1st exopodal segment ; 1st basal segment with 16-21 small, triangular teeth along the internal border.
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 issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Copepoden. Res. voyage du S. Y. Belgica. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1902. [Taf. I, Fig.9]. Female: 9, basipodite of P5 (inner margin).
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 issued from : D.F. Arcos in Rev. Com. Perm. Pacifico Sur, 1976, 5. [Fig. 4]. Male (from 54°26.7 S, 69°02.4 W): 4, P5 Scale bar: 200 µ. Nota; environmental range in temperature 4.83 °C to 7.11°C and salinity 28.29 to 30.62 p.1000.
| | | | | Compl. Ref.: | | | De Decker, 1968 (p.45); 1984 (p.315, 331: carte); Björnberg, 1973 (p.283, 384); Heinrich, 1974 (fig.3); Arashkevich, 1978 (p.118, Table: diets); Zmijewska, 1987 (tab.2a); Ward, 1989 (tab.2);Ferrari & Dearborn, 1989 (p.1315, predator); Atkinson & al., 1990 (tab.1); Voronina & Maslennikov, 1994 (p.631, fig.1); Razouls S. & al., 1996 (p.581); Errhif & al., 1997 (p.422); Atkinson, 1998 (p.292); Atkinson & Sinclair, 2000 (p.50, 51, 53, 55); Razouls & al., 2000 (p.343, tab. 3, 5, Appendix); Viñas & al., 2002 (p.1031); Ward & al., 2002 (p.2183, tab.2); Labat & al., 2002 (p.741, tab.3); Takahashi & al., 2002 (p.97, Table 2, figs.5, 6); Ward & al., 2003 (p.121, tab.4); Berasategui & al., 2005 (p.485, tab.1); Berasategui & al., 2005 (p.313, fig.2); Berasategui & al., 2006 (p.485: fig.2); Ward & al., 2006 (p.83: tab.4); Hunt & Hosie, 2006 (p.1203, tab.2,fig.8); Schultes & al., 2006 (p.16, fig.1); Fielding & al., 2007 (p.2106, tab.1); Ward & al., 2008 (p.241, Tabls, Appendix II ); Klaas & al., 2008 (p.195, fig.2, grazing); Kruse & al., 2009 (p.301, gut content); Takahashi & al., 2010 (p.317, Table 3, 4, figs.4, 5, 6, 7, 8); Schnack-Schiel & al., 2010 (p.2064, Table 2: E Atlantic subtropicall); Takahashi & al., 2010 (p.235, Table 2); Guglielmo & al., 2012 (p.1301,Table 3); Ward & al., 2012 (p.78, fig.5, 6, Table A1, B1, C1); Thompson G.A. & al., 2012 (p.127, Table 2, 3, fig.5): Thompson G. & al., 2012 (p.367, fig.2, 3, Table 3, abundance v.s. mesh selectivity) | | | | NZ: | 5 | | | | | | | | |  issued from : F.C. Ramirez & M.E. Sabatini in Hydrobiologia, 2000, 439. [p.33, Fig.9].
Seasonal relative abundance and distribution of adults in water off Argentina. |
| | | | Loc: | | | Antarct. (Péninsule, South Georgia, Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, Atlant. SW, SE, Indien, Pacif. S, SW), Estrecho de Magallanes, sub-Antarct. (Atlant. SW, Crozet Is., Kerguelen Is., Indien, Pacif. SW, SE), Indien S (convergence subtropicale), Pacif. S (NPFZ), Magellan Strait, Chili, Afr. S (W), Malvinas current, Patagonie, off Rio de la Plata, SW & SE Atlantic | | | | N: | 76 | | | | Lg.: | | | (10) F: 2,9; (25) F: 3,6-3,1; (31) F: 3,65-3,5; M: 3,42; (32) F: 2,9-2,5; M: (35) F: 3,6-3,2; (60°S) F: 3,2-2,8; (36) F: 3,97-2,93; M: 3,2-2,89; (47) F: 3,45; M: 3,4; (66) F: 2,95; M: 3,18; (114) F: 3,7-3,45; M: 3,4; (196) F: 3,8-2,65; M: 3,35-2,62; (254) F, M: 3,5; (818) F: 3,71-3,03; M: 3,39-3,21; (849) F: 3,03-3,71; M: 3,21-3,39; {F: 2,50-3,97; M: 2,62-3,42} | | | | Rem.: | Sampling depth (Antarct., sub-Antarct.) : 0-600 m.
Very close to Calanus propinquus from which this species distinguishes by the size. After Bradford-Grieve & al. (1999, p.907) the seta of A1 segment 23 female shorter than last 7 segments.
For Vervoort (1951, p.26) Calanus simillimus, together with C. propinquus and C. acutus, is a conspicuous component of the Southern epiplankton, which in importance can be compared to some extent with the Northern species of Calanus.
According to Hardy & Gunther (1935, p.233) this species shows a distinct diurnal migration, which is carried out very quickly ; it comes to the surface from a depth greater than 50 m between 17.00 and 18.00 and remains there during the greater part of the evening and the night. The males are as abundantly present as the females, which leads to the conclusion that here the period of life of adult males is more protracted than in many other Copepods, where the males usually have much reduced oral parts and appear to be unable to feed in the adult stage.
After Arashkevich (1978) the diets of the species are pennate diatoms (mainly in the gut content), and centric diatoms (less frequent). | | | Last update : 09/05/2013 | |
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 Any use of this site for a publication will be mentioned with the following reference :
Razouls C., de Bovée F., Kouwenberg J. et Desreumaux N., 2005-2012. - Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods. Available at http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en
[Accessed May 25, 2013] © copyright 2005-2012 CNRS, UPMC
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