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Family
Euchaetidae Giesbrecht, 1892 ( Clausocalanoidea )
Syn.:
Euchaetina Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.55);
Euchaetinae : Esterly, 1905 (p.156)
Euchaetinae : Esterly, 1905 (p.156)
Ref.:
Sars, 1902 (1903) (p.36); 1925 (p.97); Gurney, 1931 a (p.84); Rose, 1933 a (p.112); Sewell, 1929 (p.12, 132); 1947 (p.110); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.81, 196); Mazza, 1967 (p.144); Andronov, 1974 a (p.1005); Park, 1978 (p.199, Rem. p.201-202 concerning Euchaeta and Paraeuchaeta); Razouls, 1982 (p.234); Bowman & Abele, 1982 (p.9); Bradford & al., 1983 (p.13); Brodsky & al., 1983 (p.144, 147); Zheng Zhong & al., 1984 (1989) (p.235); Sazhina, 1985 (p.113: N); Mauchline, 1987 (p.731, 734); Fontaine, 1988 (p.27, 30, Rem.); Ferrari, 1992 (p.392, tab.3); Razouls, 1993 (p.310); Mazzocchi & al., 1995 (p.176: Rem.); Park, 1995 (p.5, Redef., 95); Madhupratap & al., 1996 (p.863, Table 5: %/copepods); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.797); Mauchline, 1999 (n°182, p.5: species Key); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.880, 903; 923, Genera Key; Valdiviella includes in this family); Ohtsuka & Huys, 2001 (p.445, 461); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.118, Déf., Genera Key); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.67); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.644, Key G.); Blanco-Bercial & al., 2011 (p.103, Table 1, Fig.2, 3, 4, Biol. mol, phylogeny) ; Jeong & al., 2011 (p.117, species key: p.130); Laakmann & al., 2012 (p.535, Rem.: p.543, phylogeny); Laakmann & al., 2019 (p.330, fig. 2, 3, Table A, phylogenetic relationships); Hirai & al., 2020 (p.1, Fig.4: metabarcoding, Fig.8: OTUs distribution patterns)
Rem.:
The number of genera included in this family differs according to the authors, the discussion dealing with the validity of Paraeuchaeta.
Park (1995) redefines the family and confirms the existence of the two genera.
2 G.: Euchaeta Philippi, 1843, Paraeuchaeta A. Scott, 1909.
Definition from Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.118) :
- Cephalosome and pedigerous somite 1 partially or completely fused, pedigers 4 and 5 fused.
- Forehead pointed (rostrum with a single point).
- Nauplius eye present.
- Urosome female 4-segmented.
- Genital segment female projecting ventrally ; genital apparatus comprising common genital aperture located medially on ventral surface of genital double-somite ; copulatory ore contained within median genital aperture.
- Urosome male 5-segmented.
- Single genital male aperture located ventrolaterally at posterior rim of genital somite on left side.
- Caudal rami short, , seta VI, internal seta generally very long (accessory caudal seta), with up to 6 setae.
- A1 23 or 24-segmented in female ; segmental homologies (based on Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck) : segment 1 (I) free, segment 2 (II-IV) triple, segments 3 (V) to 7 (IV) separate, segments 8 and 9 (X-XI) fused, segments 10 (XII) to 24 (XXVI) separate, apical (25th) segment double (VVVII-XXVIII). Aesthetascs present on segments 5, 8, 11, 13, 18, 24. Very long setae present on segments 3 (V), 7 (IX), 9 (XI) and 14 (XVI), forming 3-dimensional array.
- Male A1 non geniculate ; segmented fusions as in female except segments 8/9 and 10 ofthe fused to form triple segment (X-XII). Aesthetascs present on all segments except XI, XXII and XXV ; 2 aesthetascs present on segments II and III on E. marina (Prestandrea).
- Female A2 biramous, with separate or partly fused coxa and basis ; coxa with 1 seta, basis with 1 or 2 setae ; endopod 2-segmented ; compound distal segment bilobed,setation formula 2, 6, 7 ; exopod 7-segme,ted, segmental fusions indeterminate except for IX-X, setation formula 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4. Endopod about 2/3 as long as exopod.
- Male A2 with reduced setation on coxa, basis and 1st endopodal segment.
- Female Md biramous ; coxa with well developed gnathobase and distal palp consisting of basis, armed with up to 2 setae , proximal seta typically claw-like ; 2-segmented endopod and indistinctly 5-segmented exopod ; endopodal segments 1 and 2 with 0/1 and up to 10 setae ; exopodal setation formula 1, 1, 1, 1, 2.
- Male Md gnathobase atrophied ; palp with reduced setation on basis.
- Female Mx1 with well developed praecoxal arthrite bearing (inner lobe 1) about 13 elements ; coxa with endite bearing 2 setae and with 5 to 9 setae on epipodite ; basis lacking outer seta, with proximal endite defined bearing 1 seta ; distal group of 3 setae representing distal endite ; endopod 2-segmented, proximal segment double, setation formula 5, 3 ; exopod 1-segmented, armed with up to 11 setae.
- Male Mx1 with atrophied praecoxal arthrite, coxal and basal endites and endopod ; exopod epipodite as in female.
Female Mx2 indistinctly segmented ; setation formula of praecoxal and coxal endites 3, 3, 3, 3 ; basis and endopod fused or partly separate ; basal endite with 3 elements, endopod retaining up to 6 elements.
- Male Mx2 very reduced, forming minute setose lobe.
- Female Mxp 7-segmented ; rotation at syncoxa-basis joint directing distal part of limb anteriorly ; syncoxa with endite setation formula 1, 2, 3, 3 ; basis with 3 setae, plus ½ setae on incorporated 1st endopodal segment ; free endopod 5-segmented, segmental setation formula 4, 2, 2, 2+1, 4 in E. rimana Bradford, or apparently reduced.
- Male Mxp smaller than in female ; syncoxal setation reduced.
- Swimming legs P1 to P4 biramous ; typically with 3-segmented rami, except P1 with 1-segmented endopod and P2 with 1 or 2-segmented endopod.
- 1st and 2 nd exopodal segments of P1 often partly or completely fused, particularly in females ; inner seta on basis of P1 situated on anterior surface of basis and passing across face of endopod.
Biology notes after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120): Adult males are scarce and sexual dimorphism is very marked with the non-feeding adult males having atrophied mouthparts (see Boxshall, Yen & Strickler, 1997). The three dimensional array of long setae on the antennules of the adult female and copepodid stages functions for mechanoreception and plays an role in prey location in these predatory copepods (see Yen, 1988; Yen & Nicoll, 1990; Yen, Sanderson, Strickler & Okubo, 1991). This setal array is lost at the moult to the adult stage in males.
Park (1995) redefines the family and confirms the existence of the two genera.
2 G.: Euchaeta Philippi, 1843, Paraeuchaeta A. Scott, 1909.
Definition from Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.118) :
- Cephalosome and pedigerous somite 1 partially or completely fused, pedigers 4 and 5 fused.
- Forehead pointed (rostrum with a single point).
- Nauplius eye present.
- Urosome female 4-segmented.
- Genital segment female projecting ventrally ; genital apparatus comprising common genital aperture located medially on ventral surface of genital double-somite ; copulatory ore contained within median genital aperture.
- Urosome male 5-segmented.
- Single genital male aperture located ventrolaterally at posterior rim of genital somite on left side.
- Caudal rami short, , seta VI, internal seta generally very long (accessory caudal seta), with up to 6 setae.
- A1 23 or 24-segmented in female ; segmental homologies (based on Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck) : segment 1 (I) free, segment 2 (II-IV) triple, segments 3 (V) to 7 (IV) separate, segments 8 and 9 (X-XI) fused, segments 10 (XII) to 24 (XXVI) separate, apical (25th) segment double (VVVII-XXVIII). Aesthetascs present on segments 5, 8, 11, 13, 18, 24. Very long setae present on segments 3 (V), 7 (IX), 9 (XI) and 14 (XVI), forming 3-dimensional array.
- Male A1 non geniculate ; segmented fusions as in female except segments 8/9 and 10 ofthe fused to form triple segment (X-XII). Aesthetascs present on all segments except XI, XXII and XXV ; 2 aesthetascs present on segments II and III on E. marina (Prestandrea).
- Female A2 biramous, with separate or partly fused coxa and basis ; coxa with 1 seta, basis with 1 or 2 setae ; endopod 2-segmented ; compound distal segment bilobed,setation formula 2, 6, 7 ; exopod 7-segme,ted, segmental fusions indeterminate except for IX-X, setation formula 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4. Endopod about 2/3 as long as exopod.
- Male A2 with reduced setation on coxa, basis and 1st endopodal segment.
- Female Md biramous ; coxa with well developed gnathobase and distal palp consisting of basis, armed with up to 2 setae , proximal seta typically claw-like ; 2-segmented endopod and indistinctly 5-segmented exopod ; endopodal segments 1 and 2 with 0/1 and up to 10 setae ; exopodal setation formula 1, 1, 1, 1, 2.
- Male Md gnathobase atrophied ; palp with reduced setation on basis.
- Female Mx1 with well developed praecoxal arthrite bearing (inner lobe 1) about 13 elements ; coxa with endite bearing 2 setae and with 5 to 9 setae on epipodite ; basis lacking outer seta, with proximal endite defined bearing 1 seta ; distal group of 3 setae representing distal endite ; endopod 2-segmented, proximal segment double, setation formula 5, 3 ; exopod 1-segmented, armed with up to 11 setae.
- Male Mx1 with atrophied praecoxal arthrite, coxal and basal endites and endopod ; exopod epipodite as in female.
Female Mx2 indistinctly segmented ; setation formula of praecoxal and coxal endites 3, 3, 3, 3 ; basis and endopod fused or partly separate ; basal endite with 3 elements, endopod retaining up to 6 elements.
- Male Mx2 very reduced, forming minute setose lobe.
- Female Mxp 7-segmented ; rotation at syncoxa-basis joint directing distal part of limb anteriorly ; syncoxa with endite setation formula 1, 2, 3, 3 ; basis with 3 setae, plus ½ setae on incorporated 1st endopodal segment ; free endopod 5-segmented, segmental setation formula 4, 2, 2, 2+1, 4 in E. rimana Bradford, or apparently reduced.
- Male Mxp smaller than in female ; syncoxal setation reduced.
- Swimming legs P1 to P4 biramous ; typically with 3-segmented rami, except P1 with 1-segmented endopod and P2 with 1 or 2-segmented endopod.
- 1st and 2 nd exopodal segments of P1 often partly or completely fused, particularly in females ; inner seta on basis of P1 situated on anterior surface of basis and passing across face of endopod.
Biology notes after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120): Adult males are scarce and sexual dimorphism is very marked with the non-feeding adult males having atrophied mouthparts (see Boxshall, Yen & Strickler, 1997). The three dimensional array of long setae on the antennules of the adult female and copepodid stages functions for mechanoreception and plays an role in prey location in these predatory copepods (see Yen, 1988; Yen & Nicoll, 1990; Yen, Sanderson, Strickler & Okubo, 1991). This setal array is lost at the moult to the adult stage in males.
Figures
;){kind=small}
Plate 1
issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.162, Table 4]
Setation of oral parts in females Euchaetidae (Clausocalanoidea) and ancestral condition of setation.
issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.162, Table 4]
Setation of oral parts in females Euchaetidae (Clausocalanoidea) and ancestral condition of setation.
;){kind=small}
Plate 2
Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.118].
Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.
Nota :
- P5 absent in female.
- Male P5 large, well developed, asymmetrical ; right leg with 2-segmented exopod and styliform ; 1-segmented endopod. Distal exopodal segment elongate, often styliform. Left leg with 2-segmented exopod and small distal process on elongate basis representing endopod. Distal exopodal segment with complex armature typically consisting of serrated lamella, ridged digitiform process, hirsute lobe and movable finger ornamented with row of setules near tip ; movable finger drawn out to form long spiniform process in some species.
- Eggs retained in mass on ventral side of urosome . Nauplii lecihotrophic.
Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.118].
Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.
Nota :
- P5 absent in female.
- Male P5 large, well developed, asymmetrical ; right leg with 2-segmented exopod and styliform ; 1-segmented endopod. Distal exopodal segment elongate, often styliform. Left leg with 2-segmented exopod and small distal process on elongate basis representing endopod. Distal exopodal segment with complex armature typically consisting of serrated lamella, ridged digitiform process, hirsute lobe and movable finger ornamented with row of setules near tip ; movable finger drawn out to form long spiniform process in some species.
- Eggs retained in mass on ventral side of urosome . Nauplii lecihotrophic.
;)
Plate 3
Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.119, Fig. 23].
Euchaetidae. A, Paraeuchaeta norvegica (as Euchaeta norvegica) habitus female (lateral); B, habitus male (dorsal); C, female Mxp; D, Paraeuchaeta glacialis (as Euchaeta glacialis) male P5; R, Euchaeta pubera male P5 (distal part). [Sars, 1902: A-D; Park, 1975 a: E].
Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.119, Fig. 23].
Euchaetidae. A, Paraeuchaeta norvegica (as Euchaeta norvegica) habitus female (lateral); B, habitus male (dorsal); C, female Mxp; D, Paraeuchaeta glacialis (as Euchaeta glacialis) male P5; R, Euchaeta pubera male P5 (distal part). [Sars, 1902: A-D; Park, 1975 a: E].
Genus
Syn.:
Euchirus Dana,1846; Euchäta : Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.55, 245); Euchaete : With, 1915 (p.157, clé spp.).
? Paraeuchaeta A. Scott, 1909 (p.69)
? Paraeuchaeta A. Scott, 1909 (p.69)
Ref.:
Claus, 1863 (p.183); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.37, clé spp.); Sars, 1902 (1903) (p.36); Esterly, 1905 (p.156, Key spp.); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.48, Key spp.); A. Scott, 1909 (p.64); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.293); Sars, 1925 (p.103); Sewell, 1929 (p.146); Wilson, 1932 a (p.62); Rose, 1933 a (p.112, clé spp.); Farran, 1936 a (p.92: Rem.); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.42, Key spp.); Sewell, 1947 (p.110, Rev.); Davis, 1949 (p.33); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.197, Key spp.); Vervoort, 1957 (p.74 & follow., Rev.); Tanaka, 1958 (p.327); Gaudy, 1963 b (p.13, Key spp.); Vervoort, 1963 b (p.157, Rem.); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.51, Rem., Key spp.); Tanaka & Omori, 1968 (p.219); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.51, clé spp.); Tanaka, 1973 (p.147); Bradford, 1974 (p.159); Park, 1975 c (p.1, clé spp.); 1978 (p.201, Rev., Key spp.); Séret, 1979 (p.88); Bradford, 1981 (p.398, Rem.); Razouls, 1982 (p.234); Gardner & Szabo, 1982 (p.259); Bradford & al., 1983 (p.13, Redef., p.18); Zheng Zhong & al., 1984 (1989) (p.236, Key spp.); Mauchline, 1988 (p.731: cuticular pores); Fontaine, 1988 (p.27, 30, Rem.: E. antarctica Group); Razouls, 1993 (p.310); Park, 1995 (p.13, 95, Redef., Key spp.); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.797); Mauchline, 1998 (p.92: F; p.93: M); 1999 (CIEM, n°182, p.5, Key spp.); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.924, Key spp.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.120); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.67); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.645, spp. Key)
Ref.:
type: Cyclops marinus Prestandrea,1833. The genus redefined by Bradford & al. (1983, p.18) holds only 4 spp.: E. indica , E. marina , E. marinella , E. rimana. Fontaine (1988) discusses the validity of this genus founded on the type species P. norvegica Boeck,1872. Numerous species show characters, intermediate between the two type species: E. marina and P. norvegica. Species groups have been tempted as E. marina et E. antarctica . According to the authors the species would be distributed, subsequently to ancient descriptors, in one genus ( With,1915; Vervoort,1957; Fontaine,1967; Bradford, 1972; 1974; Park,1975; Fontaine, 1988 ), or two genera ( A. Scott,1909; Sars, 1925; Rose, 1933 a; Sewell, 1947; Brodsky,1950; Tanaka,1958; Heptner,1971; Yamanaka, 1976; Bradford & al., 1983; Park, 1995 (p.13).
Park (1995) redefines the genus and establishes 3 groups: 'marina', 'concinna', 'acuta', plus 1 independent (E. spinosa), comprising a total of 16 analysed (*) species.
In total, 16 species have been inventoried but certain need a complementary description.
Diagnosis after Bradford & al. (1983, p.18):
- Distal edge of Mx1 inner lobe 1 (arthrite) with at least 7 spines, posterior surface with up to 4 setae (total number of spines and setae on lobe = 11); inner lobe 2 or 3 absent, remaining lobe with 1 seta; basipod 2 with 3 setae, endopod with 4 setae, exopod with 11 setae, outer lobe with 5 setae.
- Females with 2 of the 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with long spines in addition to short spinules .
- Male left P5 with thin-skinned lobe at base of long terminal spiniform process of exopod segment 3; digitiform process always spine-like.
Diagnosis after Park (1995, p.13) :
Appendicular caudal setae greatly developed, straight, and much thicker and longer than distal marginal setae of caudal ramus ;
Distal exopodal segment in both right and left P5 of male tapering into a long spine.
Type species: Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833).
Diagnosis after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120) :
Mx2 female with 2 of the 6 apical setae ornamented with long setules in addition to short spinules.
Male left P5 with thin-walled lobe at base of long terminal spiniform process of 3rd exopodal segment
Park (1995) redefines the genus and establishes 3 groups: 'marina', 'concinna', 'acuta', plus 1 independent (E. spinosa), comprising a total of 16 analysed (*) species.
In total, 16 species have been inventoried but certain need a complementary description.
Diagnosis after Bradford & al. (1983, p.18):
- Distal edge of Mx1 inner lobe 1 (arthrite) with at least 7 spines, posterior surface with up to 4 setae (total number of spines and setae on lobe = 11); inner lobe 2 or 3 absent, remaining lobe with 1 seta; basipod 2 with 3 setae, endopod with 4 setae, exopod with 11 setae, outer lobe with 5 setae.
- Females with 2 of the 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with long spines in addition to short spinules .
- Male left P5 with thin-skinned lobe at base of long terminal spiniform process of exopod segment 3; digitiform process always spine-like.
Diagnosis after Park (1995, p.13) :
Appendicular caudal setae greatly developed, straight, and much thicker and longer than distal marginal setae of caudal ramus ;
Distal exopodal segment in both right and left P5 of male tapering into a long spine.
Type species: Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833).
Diagnosis after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120) :
Mx2 female with 2 of the 6 apical setae ornamented with long setules in addition to short spinules.
Male left P5 with thin-walled lobe at base of long terminal spiniform process of 3rd exopodal segment
Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio
The mean female size is 3.588 mm (n = 29; SD = 1.2765), and the mean male size is 3.426 mm (n = 26; SD = 1.1899). The size ratio (male: female) is 0.9436 (n = 13; SD = 0.045). The sex ratio (Female: Male) is temporary 1,16, but likely 1.
Figures
;){kind=small}
Plate 1
1 a: Basis of female Mxp with long spinules in addition to short spinules along proximal half of medial margin (Fig.2-b). Exopod of male left P5 with poorly sclerotized lobes; serrated lamella of male left P5 exopod reaching or extending beyond tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.3-l)......2.
1 b: Basis of female Mxp with short spinules only along proximal half of medial margin (Fig.12-i). Exopod of male left P5 without poorly sclerotized lones (Fig.12-p-. Serrated lamella of male left P5 far short of reaching tuft of stiff hairs.......3.
2 a: Two endopodal setae of female Mx2 armed with both long and short spinules (Fig.2-a). Third exopodal segment of male left P5 with a poorly sclerotized lobe next to tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.3-m)....... marina species Group.
2 b: One endopodal seta of female Mx2 aemed with both long and short spinules (Fig.7-h). Third exopodal segment of male left P5 without a poorly sclerotized lobe next to tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.8-g)....... concinna species Group.
3 a: First endopodal segment of female Mx1 with 1 seta. Both exopods of male P5 similar in length (Fig.12-n)....... acuta species Group.
3 b: First endopodal segment of female Mx1 with 4 setae (Fig.18-g). Left exopod male P5 much shorter than right exopod (Fig.18-l)....... E. spinosa.
1 a: Basis of female Mxp with long spinules in addition to short spinules along proximal half of medial margin (Fig.2-b). Exopod of male left P5 with poorly sclerotized lobes; serrated lamella of male left P5 exopod reaching or extending beyond tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.3-l)......2.
1 b: Basis of female Mxp with short spinules only along proximal half of medial margin (Fig.12-i). Exopod of male left P5 without poorly sclerotized lones (Fig.12-p-. Serrated lamella of male left P5 far short of reaching tuft of stiff hairs.......3.
2 a: Two endopodal setae of female Mx2 armed with both long and short spinules (Fig.2-a). Third exopodal segment of male left P5 with a poorly sclerotized lobe next to tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.3-m)....... marina species Group.
2 b: One endopodal seta of female Mx2 aemed with both long and short spinules (Fig.7-h). Third exopodal segment of male left P5 without a poorly sclerotized lobe next to tuft of stiff hairs (Fig.8-g)....... concinna species Group.
3 a: First endopodal segment of female Mx1 with 1 seta. Both exopods of male P5 similar in length (Fig.12-n)....... acuta species Group.
3 b: First endopodal segment of female Mx1 with 4 setae (Fig.18-g). Left exopod male P5 much shorter than right exopod (Fig.18-l)....... E. spinosa.
Genus
Syn.:
Pareuchaeta : Sars, 1925 (p.104, 111); Rose, 1933 a (p.117, Key spp.); Jespersen, 1934 (p.70); Farran, 1936 a (p.92: Rem.); Sewell, 1947 (p.110, 120); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.203, Key spp.); Vervoort, 1957 (p.75 & suiv., Rem.); Tanaka, 1958 (p.327, 333); Heptner, 1968 (p.680); 1971 (p.76, Rem.: 4 Groups); Zvereva, 1976 (p.70); Heptner, 1987 (p.1177, 1188, Rem.); Mauchline, 1988 (p.731: cuticular pores); Park, 1994 (p.317: Biogéo); Mauchline, 1998 (p.92: F; p.93: M)
Ref.:
A. Scott, 1909 (p.69); Brady, 1918 (p.20); Sewell, 1929 (p.154); Wilson, 1932 a (p.65); Sewell, 1947 (p.110, 120: 4 Groupes); Bradford, 1981 (p.398, Rem.); Razouls, 1982 (p.264); Bradford & al., 1983 (p.20, Redef.); Razouls, 1993 (p.310); Park, 1995 (p.29, Redef., Key spp.); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.798, Key spp.); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.924, 925: Key spp.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.120); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.656, spp. Key)
Ref.:
Park (1995) redefines 6 species groups: 'malayensis' (p.30, 31, 97), 'pavloskii' (p.30, 66, 98), 'norvegica' (p.30, 71, 98), 'glacialis' (p.31, 81, 98), 'hebes' (p.31, 83, 99), 'antarctica' (p.30, 87, 99), plus 3 independent species (p.30). Following the criteria defined by Park (1995) 66 spp. belong to this genus (*), 15 spp. seem to have been referred to (**), the remaining species need a complementary description.
Type species: Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck, 1872). In total 88 spp. are inventoried (plus 3 unidentified).
Diagnosis after Bradford & al. (1983, p.20):
- Females with either : 1 of the 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with long spines in addition to short spinules, or all 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with spinules of uniform short length.
- Male left P5 without thin-skinned lobe on exopod segment 3, which may terminate in a long spiniform process, a short point, or be rounded.
Diagnosis after Park (1995, p.13) :
Appendicular caudal sete of female either geniculated or smoothly curved and distinctltly thinner but usually longer than principal marginal setae of caudal ramus.
3rd exopodal segment of male left P5 about as long as but much thinner than 2nd, with a very small, vestigial terminal spine.
Diagnosis after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120) :
Mx2 female either with only 1 apical seta ornamented with long setules and short spinules, or with all 6 setae ornamented with uniformly short spinules.
Male left P5 without thin-walled lobe on 3rd exopodal segment, which may be rounded, pointed or form long spiniform process.
After Bode & al. (2018, p.75), the species of this genus are 'rheotactic' predators; they apply a 'drift and wait' feeding strategy, having extremely strong maxillipeds and feeding appendages, which even allow them to feed on large diapausing calanids (Auel & Hagen, 2002; Laakmann & al., 2009 a, 2009b), thereby taking advantage of a ''trophic shortcut'' from primary production in the surface layer to the deep sea via seasonally vertically migrating copepods (Hagen & al., 1995; Auel, 1999; Laakmann & al., 2009a, 2009b).
Type species: Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck, 1872). In total 88 spp. are inventoried (plus 3 unidentified).
Diagnosis after Bradford & al. (1983, p.20):
- Females with either : 1 of the 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with long spines in addition to short spinules, or all 6 apical setae of Mx2 covered with spinules of uniform short length.
- Male left P5 without thin-skinned lobe on exopod segment 3, which may terminate in a long spiniform process, a short point, or be rounded.
Diagnosis after Park (1995, p.13) :
Appendicular caudal sete of female either geniculated or smoothly curved and distinctltly thinner but usually longer than principal marginal setae of caudal ramus.
3rd exopodal segment of male left P5 about as long as but much thinner than 2nd, with a very small, vestigial terminal spine.
Diagnosis after Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.120) :
Mx2 female either with only 1 apical seta ornamented with long setules and short spinules, or with all 6 setae ornamented with uniformly short spinules.
Male left P5 without thin-walled lobe on 3rd exopodal segment, which may be rounded, pointed or form long spiniform process.
After Bode & al. (2018, p.75), the species of this genus are 'rheotactic' predators; they apply a 'drift and wait' feeding strategy, having extremely strong maxillipeds and feeding appendages, which even allow them to feed on large diapausing calanids (Auel & Hagen, 2002; Laakmann & al., 2009 a, 2009b), thereby taking advantage of a ''trophic shortcut'' from primary production in the surface layer to the deep sea via seasonally vertically migrating copepods (Hagen & al., 1995; Auel, 1999; Laakmann & al., 2009a, 2009b).
Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio
The mean female size is 7.240 mm (n = 160; SD = 1.9562), and the mean male size is 6.208 mm (n = 102; SD = 1.4919). The size ratio (Male: Female) is 0.878 (n = 44; SD = 0.0946). The sex-ratio (Female: Male) is temporary 1.58, but likely 1.
Figures
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Plate 1
Issued from : J.H. Wickstead in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1962, 139 (4). [p.563, Fig.2].
Drawings from a specimen of a female Paraeuchaeta sp. to show the trap formed by the extended first and second maxillipeds [= Mx2 or maxilla, and Mxp or maxilliped].
A: Frontal aspect; B: Lateral aspect.
Example of maily carnivorous forms.
Issued from : J.H. Wickstead in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1962, 139 (4). [p.563, Fig.2].
Drawings from a specimen of a female Paraeuchaeta sp. to show the trap formed by the extended first and second maxillipeds [= Mx2 or maxilla, and Mxp or maxilliped].
A: Frontal aspect; B: Lateral aspect.
Example of maily carnivorous forms.
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Plate 2
malayensis species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.19-g in P. malayensis).
2 - Genital flange linguiform, lying along length of genital field and produced distally into a distinct posterior lobe (see Fig.19-d in P. malayensis).
3 - First inner lobe of Mx1 with 1+9+3 setae (see Fig.20-a in P. malayensis). Supralabrum pointing obliquely forward (See Fig.19-b in P. malayensis).
malayensis species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.19-g in P. malayensis).
2 - Genital flange linguiform, lying along length of genital field and produced distally into a distinct posterior lobe (see Fig.19-d in P. malayensis).
3 - First inner lobe of Mx1 with 1+9+3 setae (see Fig.20-a in P. malayensis). Supralabrum pointing obliquely forward (See Fig.19-b in P. malayensis).
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Plate 3
pavlovskii species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.19-g in P. malayensis).
2 - Genital flange linguiform, lying along length of genital field and produced distally into a distinct posterior lobe (see Fig.19-d in P. malayensis).
3 - First inner lobe of Mx1 with 1+9+2 setae (see Fig.63-f in P. pavlovskii). Supralabrum pointing ventrad (Fig.63-a in P. pavlovskii).
pavlovskii species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.19-g in P. malayensis).
2 - Genital flange linguiform, lying along length of genital field and produced distally into a distinct posterior lobe (see Fig.19-d in P. malayensis).
3 - First inner lobe of Mx1 with 1+9+2 setae (see Fig.63-f in P. pavlovskii). Supralabrum pointing ventrad (Fig.63-a in P. pavlovskii).
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Plate 4
norvegica species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.69-b in P. norvegica).
2 - Genital flange in form of a triangle or conical process and neither elongated along genital field nor produced distally into a lobe (see Fig.69-c in P. norvegica).
3 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, basis with 4 or 5 setae (See Fig.69-f in P. norvegica).
norvegica species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.69-b in P. norvegica).
2 - Genital flange in form of a triangle or conical process and neither elongated along genital field nor produced distally into a lobe (see Fig.69-c in P. norvegica).
3 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, basis with 4 or 5 setae (See Fig.69-f in P. norvegica).
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Plate 5
P. biloba.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.77-b in P. norvegica).
2 - Genital flange in form of a triangle or conical process and neither elongated along genital field nor produced distally into a lobe (see Fig.77-c, d in P. biloba).
3 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+1 setae, 2nd inner lobe without seta, basis with 3 setae (See Fig.77-f in P. biloba).
P. biloba.
1 - Appendicular setae geniculated (See Fig.77-b in P. norvegica).
2 - Genital flange in form of a triangle or conical process and neither elongated along genital field nor produced distally into a lobe (see Fig.77-c, d in P. biloba).
3 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+1 setae, 2nd inner lobe without seta, basis with 3 setae (See Fig.77-f in P. biloba).
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Plate 6
P. grandiremis.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.88-a, c in P. grandiremis).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+7+1 setae, 2nd inner lobe without setae, and 1st endopodal segment with 2 setae (See Fig.88-h in P. grandiremis).
P. grandiremis.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.88-a, c in P. grandiremis).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+7+1 setae, 2nd inner lobe without setae, and 1st endopodal segment with 2 setae (See Fig.88-h in P. grandiremis).
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Plate 7
P. antarctica species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.84-e in P. antarctica).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 2 setae, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 setae or more setae (See Fig.84-h in P. antarctica).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 2 setae.
P. antarctica species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.84-e in P. antarctica).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 2 setae, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 setae or more setae (See Fig.84-h in P. antarctica).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 2 setae.
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Plate 8
P. bisinuata.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.86-f in P. bisinuata).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+2 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.86-i in P. bisinuata).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 3 setae.
P. bisinuata.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.86-f in P. bisinuata).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+2 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.86-i in P. bisinuata).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 3 setae.
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Plate 9
P. hebes species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.80-f in P. elongata).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.80-g in P. elongata).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 4 or 5 setae.
5 - In Mx2, one of endopodal setae armed with long spinules (Fig.80-h in P. elongata).
P. hebes species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.80-f in P. elongata).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.80-g in P. elongata).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 4 or 5 setae.
5 - In Mx2, one of endopodal setae armed with long spinules (Fig.80-h in P. elongata).
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Plate 10
P. glacialis species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.79-d in P. tumidula).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.79-a in P. malayensis).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 4 or 5 setae.
5 - In Mx2, none of endopodal setae armed with long spinules (See Fig.20-b in P. malayensis).
P. glacialis species Group.
1 - Appendicular setae smoothly curved, not geniculated (See Fig.79-d in P. tumidula).
2 - In Mx1, 1st inner lobe with 1+9+3 setae, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta, and 1st endopodal segment with 3 or more setae (See Fig.79-a in P. malayensis).
3 - In Mx1, 2nd inner lobe with 1 seta.
4 - In Mx1, basis with 4 or 5 setae.
5 - In Mx2, none of endopodal setae armed with long spinules (See Fig.20-b in P. malayensis).
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Plate 11
Issued from : E.T. Park & F.D. Ferrari in A selection from Smithsonian at the Poles Contributions to International Polar year. I. Krupnik, M.A. Lang and S.E. Miller, eds., Publs. by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington DC., 2009. [p.163, Table 8]
Endemic species of Paraeuchaeta found in four different areas of interest.
A''+'' indicates presence.
Issued from : E.T. Park & F.D. Ferrari in A selection from Smithsonian at the Poles Contributions to International Polar year. I. Krupnik, M.A. Lang and S.E. Miller, eds., Publs. by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington DC., 2009. [p.163, Table 8]
Endemic species of Paraeuchaeta found in four different areas of interest.
A''+'' indicates presence.
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Plate 12
Issued from : E.T. Park & F.D. Ferrari in A selection from Smithsonian at the Poles Contributions to International Polar year. I. Krupnik, M.A. Lang and S.E. Miller, eds., Publs. by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington DC., 2009. [p.165, Figure 1]
Distribution of selected pelagic calanoids Paraeuchaeta of the Southern Oczean and their closest relatives.
Issued from : E.T. Park & F.D. Ferrari in A selection from Smithsonian at the Poles Contributions to International Polar year. I. Krupnik, M.A. Lang and S.E. Miller, eds., Publs. by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington DC., 2009. [p.165, Figure 1]
Distribution of selected pelagic calanoids Paraeuchaeta of the Southern Oczean and their closest relatives.
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Plate 13
Issued from : J.M. Bradford in N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 1981, 15. [p.393, Fig.2].
Terminal part of exopod P2 of female Paraeuchaeta erebi illustrating code used to describe relative lengths of outer edge spines in both sexes.
Issued from : J.M. Bradford in N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 1981, 15. [p.393, Fig.2].
Terminal part of exopod P2 of female Paraeuchaeta erebi illustrating code used to describe relative lengths of outer edge spines in both sexes.