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Calanoida ( Order )

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    Calanoidea ( Superfamily )

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 Abbreviations or symbols

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.277].
Morphological types of setae and aesthetascs.
Nota: Four types of antennal setae may be recognized among the Calanidae:
Type 1: smooth-surfaced, acuminate filaments varying from shorter than the bearing segment to more than 10 times its length (D), and located anteriorly on the segment.
Type 2: short, coniform processes (E), always found on the anterior, distal end of Segment 8 and in many species on Segment 12.
Type 3: pseudo-annulated setae bearing spike-like setules (F), located on Segments 22, 23 and 24.
Type 4: short and with a more or less capitate apex, usually filled with lipid-like globules (G); they occur only in adults males on one or more of the following segments depending upon the species (fused Segment 1-2, Segment 7 and Segment 9. The capitate setae occupy the distal position that is filled by a Type 1 seta in the female and in the copepodite stage V.

Aesthetascs:appear in 3 forms:
Category 1: slender, vermiform processes (A) located on most segments of the female antenna.
Category 2: digitiform, irregularly swollen or pinched along their length, and rounded at the apex (B); they occur on Segments 1 thriugh 9 in males.
Category 3: occurring in males on Segments 10 to 23, vary structurally in fine detail among the genera, but all have a central cuticular keel articulating proximally with the antero-distal corner of the segment and extending to the succeeding antennal segment (C). A 'fleshy' layer covers the keel and extends as dorsal and ventral lamellae over the length of the Category 3 aesthetasc. These lamellae may be fused over the entire length of the aesthetasc or may separate at the distal end. The 'fleshy' layer is fragile and often is partially to totally eroded by capturing nets or during storage in formaldehyde.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.278, Table 2].
Calanidae Number of setae (Set) and aesthetascs (Aes) per antennule segment in the Calanidae genera examined.
Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.

Arrangement of setae and aesthetascs:
In all species studied, most or all of the adult females had a trithek arrangement (i.e. 1 proximal seta, 1 distal seta, and 1 distal aesthetasc) on each segment of A1 except Segments 1 and 20 to 25 (see Calanus pacificus californicus Fleminger, 1985). Segment 1 bears 3 setae and 1 aesthetasc. Segment 2, apparently a fusion of 3 segments, bears 3 such tritheks in positions 2a, 2b, and 2c. Segments 20 and 21 each lack 1 seta and the latter usually lacks the aesthetasc as well. Segments 22 and 23 have only 1 seta and 1 aesthetasc anteriorly and 1 posteriorly positioned, plumose, pseudoannulated seta (Type 3). Segment 24 has 2 setae similar to those of Segment 23, but no aesthetasc. Segment 25 bears 4 relatively short setae, i minute seta and 2 aesthetascs (see fig. A1 of calanus pacificus californicus and Calanoides philippinensis from Fleminger, 1985) ; it may be derived from the fusion of two or more segments.
The A1 of adult males exhibits alternation of trithek and quadrithek combinations, the latter consisting of 2 setae and 2 aesthetascs and occurring on Segments 2b, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Segments 2a, 2c, 4, 6, 8 and 10 through 19 bear tritheks (as in the female).Segment 21 bears 1 seta and 1 aesthetasc in the male. The remaining segments carry the same numbers and types of setae and aesthetascs as found in the female. All the setae and th escale-like male aesthetascs are articulated and rotate through about 90° from normal to the antenna surface to flat against it.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.279, Table 2 (continued)].
Calanidae Number of setae (Set) and aesthetascs (Aes) per antennule segment in the Calanidae genera examined.
Bracketed segments are completely fused; Segments 8 and 9 are incompletely fused. Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.279, Table 3].
Calanus s.s. Antennule segmentation, setation and aesthetasc.
Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.
Setae: Set = setiform; Spi = spiniform; Plu = plumose and pseudoannulated; Cap = capitate.
Aesthetascs: Ver = vermiform; Dig = digitiform; Sca = scale-like.

Issued from : J.M. Bradford & J.B. Jillett in Crustaceana, 1974, 27 (1). [p.13, 14 fig.2].
Key to genera in Calanidae.
1 - Coxa of P5 inner edge with small teeth (fig.2i, j) ......... 2.
1 - Coxa of P5 inner edge naked (fig.2g, m) ......... 3.
2 - Basis of female P2 and P3 with posterior surface spines (fig.2c). Male left P5 prehensile (fig.2j) ........... Cosmocalanus.
2 - Basis of female P2 and P3 naked (fig.2d). Neither male P5 prehensile (fig.2i)....... Calanus.
3 - Exopod segment 2 of P2 in both sexes with outer proximal edge evaginate. Male left P5 prehensile (fig.2e,k) ............... Undinula.
3 - These characters absent ........... 4.
4 - Basis of P1 with distally directed seta on anterior surface modified into proximally thickened spine (fig.2a)................. Canthocalanus.
4 - Basis of P1 with distally directed setae of ordinary plumose type (fig.2b) ........... 5.
5 - Endopod of female P5 with 8 setae (fig.2f). Endopod of male right P5 with 8 setae (fig.2l) .............. Neocalanus.
5 - Endopod of female P5 with 7 setae (fig.2g). Endopod of male right P5 with 7 setae (fig.2m) ............. Mesocalanus.
5 - Endopod of female P5 with 6 setae (fig.2h). Endopod of male right P5 with no more than 6 setae (fig.2n) ......... Calanoides.

Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.78].
Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.
Setation sometimes reduced. First exopodal segment of P2 with recurved spine in Neocalanus; 2nd exopodal segment of P2 with deep invagination in Undinula.

Nota : Female P5 with 3-segmented rami as for legs P1 to P4, maximum setation as given in formula, often reduced. Inner margin of coxa P5 with row of teeth in some genera.
- Male P5 weakly to strongly asymmetrical ; biramous with both rami typicalmly 3-segmented although in some genera one or both endopods are reduced or unsegmented. Right leg similar to P1 to P4 ; setation usually reduced by loss of inner margin setae from all exopodal segments. Setatio,n formula of endopod 0-1 ; 0-1 ; 2, 2, 2, often reduced. Left leg variable, often much longer than right leg. Exopod 3-segmented , as in P1-P4 in some genera, but lacking inner margin setae, to highly modified in Undinula and Cosmocalanus as complex grasping appendage.
Eggs released into water.

Issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve & S.T. Ahyong in J. Nat. Hist., 2010, 44 (5-6). [p.289, Fig.4].
(A) Strict consensus of six most parcimonious trees, length 81, consistency index = 0.58, retention index = 0.66, numbers above the branches indicate Jackknife support; (B) 50% majority-rule consensus of six most parcimonious trees; (C) single most-parcomonious tree derived from single round of successive weighting.
Numbers above the branches are clade numbers.
Megacalanus longicornis (Sars, 1905) (= Megacalanus princeps Wolfenden, 1904) is the outgroup.
For the authors (p.294) the Calanidae probably evolved from a magacalanid-like ancestor. Although direct evidence of the ancestral habitat is lacking, the ancestral megacalanid was bathypelagic as are its modern relatives. It is suggested that the Calanidae radiated during the mid to late Triassic, possibly from the bathypelagic Megacalanidae (which may be adapted to low oxygen conditions) with high-latitude epipelagic locations being the first near-surface environments to be re-colonized. It is in surface environments that the metabolic rates of the Calanidae possibly adjusted to a well-oxygenated environment with a possible loss of their reliance on elevated of the level lactate deshydrogenase activity (LHD) (see Thuesen & al., 1998).
Cladistic analysis of Calanidae recovered two major clades: a tropical epipelagic clade composed of species without ontogenetic vertical migration (Canthocalanus + Cosmocalanus + Nannocalanus + Undinula); and a clade of ontogenetically migrating genera (Neocalanus + Calanoides + Calanus + Mesocalanus)

Issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve & S.T. Ahyong in J. Nat. Hist., 2010, 44 (5-6). [p.292, Fig.5].
Clades derived from molecular analysis based on 18s ribosomal RNA. (A) Bucklin & al., 2003; (B) Taniguchi & al., 2004.

Additional information for this family

Additional information for the Calanidae family ( back to the main information )

Figure 1

Table I: species, length, depth and location characteristics (E: epipelagic; M: meso-; B: bathy-).

species	Lg (mm)
Neocalanus cristatus	7,50 à 10,50	Arct. & sub-arct. (Pacif.)	E-B
Calanus hyperboreus	5,50 à 10	Arct. & sub-arct. (Atlant.)
Calanoides acutus	± 3,50 à ± 6	Antarct. & sub-antarct.	E-M
Calanus glacialis	-	Arct. & sub-arct.
Calanus propinquus	-	Antarct. & sub-antarct.	E-M
Neocalanus flemingeri	-	sub-arct. (Pacif.)
Neocalanus plumchrus	-	sub-arct. (Pacif.)
Calanus pacificus	2,15 à 5	sub-arct., cold temperate
Neocalanus robustior	-	cosmop, tropic., subarct.	E-M
Neocalanus tonsus	-	sub-antarct., tropic.
Calanus finmarchicus	-	cold temperate	E-M
Calanoides carinatus	± 2,50 à ± 4	cosmop, sub-antarct, tropic.	E-B
Calanoides macrocarinatus	-	sub-antarct.	E-B
Calanus australis	-	sub-antarct.	E-B
Calanus chilensis	-	cold temperate
Calanus euxinus	-	temperate
Calanus helgolandicus	-	temperate	E-M
Calanus simillimus	-	sub-antarct.
Calanus sinicus	-	tropic., cold temperate
Calanus marshallae	-	sub-arct.
Calanus jaschnovi	-	temperate
Neocalanus gracilis	-	cosmop., topic., cold temperate
Calanoides patagoniensis	± 2 à ± 3	sub-antarct.	E-?M
Calanoides philippinensis	-	tropic.	M
Calanus agulhensis	-	temperate
Cosmocalanus caroli	-	tropic.
Cosmocalanus darwini	-	cosmop., topic., cold temperate	E-?M
Mesocalanus lighti	-	sub-tropic.
Mesocalanus tenuicornis	-	cosmop., topic., temperate	E-B
Undinula vulgaris	-	cosmop., tropic.
Nannocalanus minor	-	cosmop., tropic., cold temperate	E-M
Canthocalanus pauper	-	tropic. (Indo-Pacif.)	E