Candacia simplex - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Candacia simplex Giesbrecht, 1889 (F,M)

Taxonomy

Order Calanoida

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Superfamily Diaptomoidea

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Family Candaciidae

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Genus Candacia

details list species for this Genus

Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

Candace simplex Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.424, 440, 771, figs.F,M);
C. parasimplex Brodsky, 1962 c (p.141, figs. juv.5 F); Kouwenberg, 1994 (tab.1);
Paracandacia simplex : Grice, 1963 (p.173, figs.F,M); Vervoort, 1965 (p.158, Rem.); Grice & Hulsemann, 1965 (p.225); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.96, figs.F,M); Vidal, 1968 (p.42, figs.F); Corral Estrada, 1970 (p.202, figs.F,M); Shih & al., 1971 (p.37); Razouls, 1972 (p.95, Annexe: p.84, figs.F,M); Kos, 1972 (Vol. I, figs. F, M, Rem.); Corral Estrada & Pereiro Muñoz, 1974 (tab.I); Lawson, 1977 (p.71, tab.2, 3, 4, fig.3, 5); Björnberg, 1981 (p.655, figs.F,M); Marques, 1982 (p.763, fig.F); Baessa De Aguiar, 1991 (1993) (p.105, figs.F,M); Suarez, 1992 (App.1); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.755, Pl.79, 80: F,M); Mulyadi, 1997 a (p.104, figs.F); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.885, 955, figs.F,M); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.176, figs.F,M, Rem., figs.183,193); Conway & al., 2003 (p.113, figs.F,M, Rem.); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.102, figs.F, Rem.); Avancini & al., 2006 (p.102, Pl. 71, figs.F,M, Rem.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.462, figs.F,M, Rem.)
Ref. compl.: Fleminger, 1967 a (tabl.1); Park, 1970 (p.478); Roe, 1972 (p.277, tabl.1, tabl.2); 1972 c (p.1038); Bainbridge, 1972 (p.61, Appendix Table III: occurrence); Björnberg, 1973 (p.351, 388); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.156, tab.2, Station "S"); Carter, 1977 (1978) (p.36); Dessier, 1979 (p.206); Vives, 1982 (p.294); Dessier, 1983 (p.89, Tableau 1, Rem., %); Tremblay & Anderson, 1984 (p.4); Scotto di Carlo & al., 1984 (1042); Cummings, 1984 (p.163, Table 2); Guangshan & Honglin, 1984 (p.118, tab.); Regner, 1985 (p.11, Rem.: p.37); Madhupratap & Haridas, 1986 (p.105, tab.1); M. Lefèvre, 1986 (p.33); Brenning, 1985 a (p.28, Table 2); Brenning, 1987 (p.30, spatial distribution, T-S diagram, Rem.); Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.60); Suarez & al., 1990 (tab.2); Ohtsuka & Kubo, 1991 (p.541); Suarez & Gasca, 1991 (tab.2); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.69); Suarez-Morales, 1998 (p.345, Table 1); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1997 (p.1525); Hure & Krsinic, 1998 (p.102); Alvarez-Cadena & al., 1998 (tab. 2, 3, 4); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p109); Neumann-Leitao al., 1999 (p.153, tab.2); Siokou-Frangou, 1999 (p.478); Barthélémy, 1999 a (p.9, Fig.12, B); Seridji & Hafferssas, 2000 (tab.1); Razouls & al., 2000 (p.343, Appendix); Lopez-Salgado & al., 2000 (tab.1); Uysal & al., 2002 (p.17, tab.1); Hsiao & al., 2004 (p.325, tab.1); ; CPR, 2004 (p.58, fig.169); Lo & al., 2004 (p.89, tab.1); Osore & al., 2004 (p.195); G. Harding, 2004 (p.25, figs.F,M); Lavaniegos & Jiménez-Pérez, 2006 (p.150, tab.2, 3, Rem.); Khelifi-Touhami & al., 2007 (p.327, Table 1); Dur & al., 2007 (p.197, Table IV); Neumann-Leitao & al., 2008 (p.799: Tab.II, fig.6); C.-Y. Lee & al., 2009 (p.151, Tab.2); Hsiao S.H. & al., 2011 (p.475, Appendix I); Hsiao & al., 2011 (p.317, Table 2, indicator of seasonal change); Uysal & Shmeleva, 2012 (p.909, Table I); Jagadeesan & al., 2013 (p.27, Table 3, 5, 6, fig.11, seasonal abundance); Alvarez-Silva & Torres-Alvarado, 2013 (p.241, Table1: seasonal abundance)

References

List of the studied authors

Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.130, Rem. F); Thompson & Scott, 1903 (p.235, 250); A. Scott, 1909 (p.154, Rem.); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.357); Pesta, 1920 (p.539); Sars, 1925 (p.351); Rose, 1925 (p.152); 1929 (p.43); Farran, 1929 (p.210, 273); Sewell, 1932 (p.338); Rose, 1933 a (p.256, figs.F,M); Farran, 1936 a (p.115); Wilson, 1936 c (p.92); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.86, figs.F); Wilson, 1942 a (p.175, figs.F,M); Massuti Alzamora, 1942 (p.95, Rem.); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.41); Sewell, 1947 (p.247); 1948 (p.392, 396, 408, 412, 415, 433, 443, 451, 460, 470, 475, 490); Moore, 1949 (p.60); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.182); Chiba, 1956 (p.42, figs.F); Chiba & al., 1957 (p.310); 1957 a (p.11); Grice, 1962 (p.235, figs.F,M); Ganapati & Shanthakumari, 1962 (p.9, 15); Fagetti, 1962 (p.34); Duran, 1963 (p.24); Giron-Reguer, 1963 (p.37); V.N. Greze, 1963 a (tabl.2); Shmeleva, 1963 (p.141); Paiva, 1963 (p.68, figs.M); et auteurs avant 1963: cf. in Vervoort, 1965 (p.158); De Decker & Mombeck, 1964 (p.11); El-Maghraby, 1965 (p.56, Appendix); Chen & Zhang, 1965 (p.93, figs.F); Mazza, 1966 (p.72); 1967 (p.329, 360: Rem.); Pavlova, 1966 (p.44); Evans, 1968 (p.12); Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.268, 269); Dowidar & El-Maghraby, 1970 (p.267); Deevey, 1971 (p.224); Apostolopoulou, 1972 (p.328, 365); Tranter, 1977 (p.596, 601); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.85); De Decker, 1984 (p.317, 337: carte); Jansa, 1985 (p.108, Tabl. III); Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 a (tab.1); Gilabert & Moreno, 1998 (tab.1, 2); Barthélémy & al., 1998 (p.721, genital area); Barthélémy, 1999 (fig.12 B, E); Moraitou-Apostolopoulou & al., 2000 (tab.I); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (Rem: p.84; p.85: fig.M); Blanco-Bercial & al., 2011 (p.103, Table 1, Biol. mol, phylogeny)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from: Q.-c Chen & S.-z. Zhang in Studia Marina Sinica, 1965, 7. [Pl.38, 7-9].
Female (from E China Sea): 7, habitus (dorsal); 8, urosome (lateral right side); 9, exopod of right P3 (posterior).

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 issued from : J. Corral Estrada in Tesis Doct., Univ. Madrid, A-129, Sec. Biologicas, 1970. [Lam.53, figs.1-3]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Female (from Canarias Is.): 1, P5.

Male: 2, P5; 3, portion of right A1.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : Mulyadi in Treubia, 1997, 31 (2). [p.105, Fig.14]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Female (from Flores Sea and Banda Sea): A, habitus (dorsal); B, angles of the 5th metasomal somite and urosome (dorsal); C, idem, with spermatophore (lateral left side); D, right caudal ramus (dorsal); E, A1; F, Mx2; G, P3; H, P5 (anterior view).

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 issued from : C. Razouls in Th. Doc. Etat Fac. Sc. Paris VI, 1972, Annexe. [Fig.54, A]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Male: A, P5

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : T. Mori in The Pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of Japan, 1937 (1964). [Pl. 59, Figs.2-5].
Female: 2, Mx2; 3, P5; 4, habitus (dorsal); 5, P3.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 6 of morphological figures

Plate 6 issued from : G.D. Grice in Fish. Bull. Fish and Wildl. Ser., 1962, 61. [p.237, Pl.33, Figs.1-5].
Male (from equatorial Pacific): 1-2, habitus (dorsal and lateral, respectively); 3, segments 17 to 21 of right A1; 4, Mx2; 5, P5.
Nota: Thorax and urosome stmmetrical. Right P5 similar to that of C. bispinosa; left P5 terminates in 3 setae, the middle one of which is the longer, the penultimate segment is not particularly enlarged.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 7 of morphological figures

Plate 7 issued from : G.D. Grice in Fish. Bull. Fish and Wildl. Ser., 1962, 61. [p.236, Pl.32, Figs.15-18].
Female (from equatorial Pacific): 15-16, habitus (dorsal and lateral, respectively); 17, Md (biting edge); 18, P5.
Genital segment slightly asymmetrical, with a group of small hair-like structures visible on the right side. Terminal finger of the distal segment of P5 finely serrate on the external margin; of the 2 internal setae on this segment, the distal one is approximately twice the length of the proximal one.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 8 of morphological figures

Plate 8 issued from : C. Razouls in Thèse Doc. Etat Fac. Sc. Paris VI, 1972, Annexe. [Fig.55, B]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Male (from Banyuls): A, right A1.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 9 of morphological figures

Plate 9 issued from : C. Razouls in Thèse Doc. Etat Fac. Sc. Paris VI, 1972, Annexe. [Fig.53, D, G]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Female (from Banyuls, G. of Lion): D, P5; G, distal portion of P5 (enlarged).

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 10 of morphological figures

Plate 10 issued from : G. Harding in Key to the adullt pelagic calanoid copepods found over the continental shelf of the Canadian Atlantic coast. Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 2004. [p.25]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Female & Male.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 11 of morphological figures

Plate 11 issued from : R.-M. Barthélémy in Thèse Doct. Univ. Provence (Aix-Marseille I), 1999. [Fig.12, B]. Female (from Gulf of Marseille, NW Mediterranean Sea): B, external ventral view genital double-somite.
go = genital operculum; Note the complex operculum with two lateral lobes (arrowed).

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 12 of morphological figures

Plate 12 issued from : R.-M. Barthélémy in Thèse Doct. Univ. Provence (Aix-Marseille I), 1999. [Fig.12, E]. Female (from Gulf of Marseille, NW Mediterranean Sea): B, external ventral view genital double-somite (details of operculum structure).
go = genital operculum; gp = gonoporal plate. Note the complex operculum with two lateral lobes (arrowed).
Scale bar: 0.010 mm.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 13 of morphological figures

Plate 13 issued from : R.-M. Barthélémy, C. Cuoc, D. Defaye, M. Brunet & J. Mazza in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, 1998, 353. [p.729, Fig.54 b].
b, Schematic external genital area Candacia simplex.

Nota: Compare with C. armata, C. bispinosa and C. ethiopica. Homologous structures have the same number: 1, anterior thickening of genital operculum; 2a, median part of genital operculum; 2b, lateral expansions of genital operculum; 3, posterior pad.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 14 of morphological figures

Plate 14 issued from : R.-M. Barthélémy, C. Cuoc, D. Defaye, M. Brunet & J. Mazza in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, 1998, 353. [p.733, Fig.63].
Schematic representation of external genital area in the species studied;
Dashed line, limit of the anterior pad and lateral thickenings; shading, posterior pad; dots, genital operculum.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 15 of morphological figures

Plate 15 Issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve, E.L. Markhaseva, C.E.F. Rocha & B. Abiahy in South Atlantic Zooplankton, edit. D. Boltovskoy. 1999, Vol. 2, Copepoda; [p.1066, Fig. 7.376: Paracandacia simplex (= Candacia simplex)]. r : right.

Female characters (from key, p.955):
- P5 terminal segments end in processes at least one of which is finger-like process and may be finely serrated on one or both margins.
- In dorsal view, genital segment without spine-like protrusions.
- P5 terminal finger-like process finely serrate proximally: distal seta on inner margin approximately twice as long as proximal seta; points of posterior corners of prosome directed backwards

Male (from key, p.925):
- P5 not chelate on right but ends in long plumose seta; right A1 has no teeth in geniculate region.
- Right A1 segments 16 and 19-20 without rounded or elongate protrusions.

Species Candacia simplex - Plate 16 of morphological figures

Plate 16 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892, 19. [Taf. 39, figs. 3, 14].
Female: 3, habitus (dorsal); 14, urosome.

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Chatton, 1920 (p.17); Gaudy, 1962 (p.93, 99, Rem.: p.113) ; Ahlstrom & Thrailkill, 1963 (p.57, Table 5, abundance); Björnberg, 1963 (p.57, Rem.); Gaudy, 1963 (p.28, Rem.); Ehrhardt, 1967 (p.741, geographic distribution, Rem.); Timonin, 1971 (p.281, trophic group); Desgouille, 1973 (p.1, 131, Rem.: p.138); Fernandes, 2008 (p.465, Tabl.2); Ayon & al., 2008 (p.238, Table 4: Peruvian samples); Dias & al., 2010 (p.230, Table 1); Schnack-Schiel & al., 2010 (p.2064, Table 2: E Atlantic subtropical/tropical); Mazzocchi & Di Capua, 2010 (p.424); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Maiphae & Sa-ardrit, 2011 (p.641, Table 2); Tutasi & al., 2011 (p.791, Table 2, abundance distribution vs La Niña event); Andersen N.G. & al., 2011 (p.71, Fig.3: abundance); Uysal & Shmeleva, 2012 (p.909, Table I); Belmonte & al., 2013 (p.222, Table 2, abundance vs stations); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013 ; M. Ohman, comm. pers.); Lidvanov & al., 2013 (p.290, Table 2, % composition); Bonecker & a., 2014 (p.445, Table II: frequency, horizontal & vertical distributions); Dias & al., 2015 (p.483, Table 2, abundance, biomass, production); Zakaria & al., 2016 (p.1, Table 1); Benedetti & al., 2016 (p.159, Table I, fig.1, functional characters); El Arraj & al., 2017 (p.272, table 2, spatial distribution); Benedetti & al., 2018 (p.1, Fig.2: ecological functional group) ; Belmonte, 2018 (p.273, Table I: Italian zones); Acha & al., 2020 (p.1, Table 3: occurrence % vs ecoregions).

Distribution

NZ: 21

Distribution map of Candacia simplex by geographical zones

Distribution map of Candacia simplex for the Zone Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea

Distribution map of Candacia simplex for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Candacia simplex for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Distribution map of Candacia simplex and for the Zone Sub-Antarctic

Additional Maps & Charts

Species Candacia simplex - Distribution map 6

Map 6 issued from : T.J. Lawson in Marine Biology, 1977, 43. [Fig.5, p.80]. As Paracandacia simplex.
Distribution map for the Indian Ocean.

Species Candacia simplex - Distribution map 7

Map 7 issued from : Mulyadi in Treubia, 1997, 31 (2). [p.109, Fig.16].
Distribution of Candaciidae in Indonesian waters. 13: C. simplex.

Species Candacia simplex - Distribution map 8

Map 8 issued from : U. Brenning in Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock - 36. Jahrgang 1987. Mat.-nat. wiss. Reihe, 2. [p.27, Fig.1].
Spatial distribution for Candacia curta, C. armata, C. bipinnata, C. paenelongimana, C. varicans (as varians), C. pachydactyla, C. longimana, C. ethiopica, Paracandacia simplex ( = C. simplex) from 8° S - 26° N; 16°- 20° W, for different expeditions (V1: Dec. 1972- Jan. 1973; V2: Feb/Mar. 1973; VI: May 1974; IV: Jun./Jul. 1972).

Species Candacia simplex - Distribution map 9

Map 9 issued from : U. Brenning in Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock - 36. Jahrgang 1987. Mat.-nat. wiss. Reihe, 2. [p.28, Fig.2].
T-S Diagram for Candacia curta, C. armata, C. bipinnata, C. paenelongimana, C. varicans, C. pachydactyla, C. longimana, C. ethiopica, Paracandacia simplex ( = C. simplex) from 8° S - 26° N; 16°- 20° W.

Localisations

Geographical glossary

sub-Antarct (S Patagonia), South Africa (E & W), Congo, off St. Helena Is., G. of Guinea (off Lagos), off E Trindade Is., Sao Tomé, Cape Verde Is., Morocco-Mauritania, Canary Is., off Madeira, Azores, Argentina, Brazil, off Rio de Janeiro, Campos Basin, off Natal, off Amazon, Barbada Is., Venezuela, Caribbean Colombia, Caribbean Sea, Yucatan, G. of Mexico, Cuba, Florida, Sargasso Sea, off Bermuda (Station "S"), off Nova Scotia, G. of St. Lawrence, off E Newfoundland, off SW Ireland, Medit. (Alboran Sea, Gulf of Annaba, Baleares, Banyuls, G. of Lion, Marseille, Toulon Harbour, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Napoli, Strait of Messina, Gulf of Taranto, Adriatic Sea, Malta, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Lebanon Basin, Egyptian coast, Alexandria), Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Laccadive Is., Sri Lanka, Mombasa, off Kenya, Natal, Madagascar, Rodrgues Is. - Seychelles, Indian, India (Lawson's Bay, G. of Mannar), Bay of Bengal, W Australia, Indonesia-Malaysia, Flores Sea, N Celebes, Philippines, Viet-Nam ( Cauda Bay), China Seas (East China Sea, South China Sea), Taiwan, Kuroshio Current, Japan, off Honshu, Bering Sea, Aleutian Is., Alaska, Pacif. (W equatorial), Australia (Great Barrier), SE Tasmania, Tasman Sea, New Zealand (NW North island), California, W Baja California, Coyuca lagoon (Guerrero), Hawaii, Moorea Is., E Tuamotu, W Galapagos, NE Easter Is., Galapagos-Ecuador, off W Peru, W Colombia, Chile, Drake Passage

Quotations

N: 161 (S Alant.: 20; N Atlant.: 43; Medit.: 39; Red Sea: 1; Indian: 22; Indonesia-Malaysia: 3; Pacif.: 33)

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(16) F: 1,82-1,8; (34) F: 1,92-1,62; M: 2,2-2,04; (35) [N-Z] F: 2,3; M: 2,04-1,92; [Atlant. trop.] F: 1,85; M: 1,92; (46) F: 2,1-1,85; M: 2-1,8; (73) M: 2,2-1,98; (101) F: 1,93-1,67; M: 1,83-1,73; (180) F: 1,99; 1,98; M: 2,06; 1,98; (187) F: 2,32; (199) F: 2,05-1,75; M: 2,05-1,82; (237) F: 1,7; M: 2,3; (290) F: 2; (449) F: 2,1-1,85; M: 2-1,8; (778) F: 1,83; 1,80; (909) F: 2,05; (920) F: 1,99; (991) F: 1,67-1,93; M: 1,73-1,8; (1110) F: 1,9-2,26; M: 2,06; (1122) F: 1,83; {F: 1,62-2,32; M: 1,73-2,20}

The mean female size is 1.924 mm (n = 28; SD = 0.1326), and the mean male size is 1.982 mm (n = 20; SD = 0.1638). The size ratio (male : female) is 1.06 (n = 9; SD = 0.1361).

Remarks

epi-mesopelagic. Sampling depth (sub-Antarct.): 0-1000 m. Sargasso Sea: 0-1000 m (Deevey & Brooks, 1977, Station "S");
Vervoort (1965, p.158) agrees with Grice (1963) that the species described by Brodsky (1962) as Candacia parasimplex is identical with C. simplex; it is based on the female 5th copepodite stage of the latter.
After Björnberg (1963, p.57), off the Brazilian coast, it seems to prefer very saline waters (over 36.00 p.1000- and temperature above 22°C.
Timonin (1971, p.282) considers the trophic interrelations in the equatorial and tropical Indian Ocean, and divides the plankters into 6 trophic groups from the litterature and the results of studies of mouth-parts structure and intestine content. This species is a percing and sucking carnivorous.
After Benedetti & al. (2018, p.1, Fig.2) this species belonging to the functional group 2 corresponding to small ambush feeding carnivorous.

See in DVP Conway & al., 2003 (version 1)

Last update : 25/10/2022

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