Candaciidae Family - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Calanoida ( Order )	details
Diaptomoidea ( Superfamily )	details

Abbreviations or symbols

Candaciidae Giesbrecht, 1892 ( Diaptomoidea )

Syn.:

Candacidae Giesbrecht,1892 (p.67)

Ref.:

Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.126); Sars, 1902 (1903) (p.132); Esterly, 1905 (p.192); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.145); Gurney, 1931 a (p.85); Rose, 1933 a (p.248); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.77); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.83, 402); Chen & Zhang, 1965 (p.87); Arashkevich, 1969 (p.703); Lawson, 1973 (p.302, Rem.); Andronov, 1974 a (p.1005); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.655); Bowman & Abele, 1982 (p.9); Razouls, 1982 (p.535); Brodsky & al., 1983 (p.142, 145); Sazhina, 1985 (p.116, N); Zheng Zhong & al., 1984 (1989) (p.250); Mauchline, 1988 (p.713: cuticular pores; Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.461); Razouls, 1993 (p.307); Mulyadi, 1997 (p.67); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.752); Vaupel Klein & Gassmann, 1998 (p.441, Rem.); Barthélémy, 1999 a (p.25); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.885, 901, 904, 954, 955: Genera Key.); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.160, Def., Rem.); Ohtsuka & Huys, 2001 (p.461); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.83, Déf., only 1 Genus); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.76, Def., spp Key ); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.438); Blanco-Bercial & al., 2011 (p.103, Table 1, Fig.2, 3, 4, Biol. mol, phylogeny)
Bradford-Grieve J.M., (2002 onwards). Key to calanoid copepod families. Version 1 : 2 oct 2002. http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/calanoida/index.htm

Rem.:

This family, defined by Giesbrecht in 1892 (Candacidae) and Giesbrecht & Schmeil in 1898 (Candaciidae) comprises the two genera Candacia and Paracandacia. Grice (1963), because of the male structure, has split the genus Candacia.
In 1973, Lawson attempts a species classification using a numerical analysis method (in Q mode) of the variation observed on P1 for 24 characters. In 1977 the same author studies the speciation factors in the forms from the Indian Ocean.
Later, von Vaupel Klein & Gassmann (1998) undertake a phylogenetic analysis of the group by means of the HENNIG86 programme by analysing 60 characters of the 27 useable taxa. The authors confirm the existence of the two genera, although Paracandacia forms part of the Candacia clades. In addition, the comparison between the method used by the authors and that of Lawson (pheneticien approach) is in favor of the first, like the choice of the Centropagidae as the outgroup.
Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.84) do not agree to hold the genus Paracandacia.
1 G.: Candacia.

(1) Candacia Dana, 1846

Species, varieties and details

Syn.:

Candace : Dana,1849; 1852; Claus, 1863 (p.189); Brady, 1878 (p.48); Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.67, 423); Wheeler, 1901 (p.177); Ifionyx Kröyer, 1845; 1849 (in Damkaer & Damkaer, 1979, p.35);
Paracandacia : Grice, 1963 (p.172); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.95); Bradford,1972 (p.30); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.655); Razouls, 1982 (p.548); Mauchline, 1988 (p.713); Razouls, 1993 (p.307); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.755); Mulyadi, 1997 (p.102); Mauchline, 1998 (p.95); Vaupel Klein & Gassmann, 1998 (p.441, Rem.); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.955, spp. Key); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.176, Déf.); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.76, spp. Key in Indonesian waters); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.460, spp. Key)

Ref.:

Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.126, clé spp.); Sars, 1902 (1903) (p.133); Esterly, 1905 (p.192, spp. Key); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.145, clé spp.); A. Scott, 1909 (p.150); Sewell, 1932 (p.334); Wilson, 1932 a (p.138, spp. Key); Rose, 1933 a (p.248, spp. Key); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.78, spp. Key); Pesta, 1941 (p.158); Farran, 1948 b (n°13, p. 3); Davis, 1949 (p.61); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.403); Grice & Vervoort, 1963 (p.150); Grice, 1963 (p.173, Rev., clé spp.); Crisafi, 1963 (p.81); Grice, 1963 a (p.173); Tanaka, 1964 c (p.243); Chen & Zhang, 1965 (p.88, clé spp.); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.91, spp. Key); Lawson, 1973 (p.302, Rem.); 1977 (p.76, Rem.); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.655, clé. spp.); Razouls, 1982 (p.535); Gardner & Szabo, 1982 (p.403); Zheng Zhong & al., 1984 (1989) (p.250, clé spp.); Mauchline, 1988 (p.713); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.461); Razouls, 1993 (p.307); Mulyadi, 1997 a (p.68, clé spp.); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.752, clé spp.); Mauchline, 1998 (p.95); Vaupel Klein & Gassmann, 1998 (p.441, Rem.: phylogénie); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.955, 956: clé spp.); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.161, Déf.); Mulyadi, 2004 (p.79, Def., spp. Key in Indonesian waters); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.438, spp. Key)

Rem.:

type: C. ornata in Fowler (1912), replaced by the species type Candacia pachydactyla (Dana,1849) in Grice & Vervoort, 1963 (p.150). 32 spp. + 1 unidentified (+ 2 doubtful : guinensis, inermis)

Table I: Candacia : Total length, localization and depth

Species	Lg (mm) F; M	Localization	Depth
C. grandis	4 à 5	Japan
C. magna	3 à 4,5	Atlant- Tropic. Indian
C. columbiae	-	N. Pacif.N
C. parafalcifera	-	N. Pacif N, Pacif E (bathypel)
C. falcifera	3 à 4	Antarct., Groenland
C. maxima	-	Antarct, sub-Antarct + C.S.T
C. elongata	2 à 3,9	Cosmop. Tropic	M - B
C. longimana	-	Cosmop. Tropic	E- M
C. norvegica	-	Cosmop. cold temperate	E- M
C. pachydactila	> 2 à > 3,5	Cosmop. Tropic	E - B
C. armata	2 à 3	warm & cold temperate	E - M
C. bibinnata	-	Cosmop. Tropic, cold temperate	E - M
C. cheirura	-	Sub-Antarct + CST	E - M
C. curta	-	Cosmop. Tropic	E - B
C. ethiopica	-	Cosmop. Tropic	E - M
C. giesbrechti	-	warm temperate
C. ishimarui	-	Tropic.
C. paenelongimana	-	Tropic.	M
C. pofi	-	Tropic.
C. samassae	-	Tropic.
C. tenuimana	-	Tropic.	M
C. varicans	-	Cosmopol. Tropic	E - M
C. simplax	-	Cosmopol. Tropic	E - M
C. truncata	-	Cosmopol. Tropic
C. bradyi	1 à 2	Tropic.
C. catula	-	Tropic.	E
C. discaudata	-	Tropic.
C. guggenhemi	-	Tropic.
C. ketchumi	-	Tropic, sub-Tropic.	E - M

The largest form, C. grandis , was described from Japan, the smallest, C. catula, from the Indo-Pacific.

The largest forms correspond to cold waters (Antarctic or N. Pacific), except C. magna.

Four species show highest deviations between minimum and maximum values. These correspond to tropical or subtropical cosmopolite forms and generally meso- or bathypelagic. Fourteen species (being 44%) have sizes between 2 and 3 mm, for females as well as for males, which are in general slightly smaller than the females. Eight species show smaller dimensions, between 1 and 2 mm, and are observed in tropical waters.

Paracandacia Grice, 1963

Liste des variétés

Ref.:

Grice, 1963 (p.172); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.95); Bradford,1972 (p.30); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.655); Razouls, 1982 (p.548); Mauchline, 1988 (p.713); Razouls, 1993 (p.307); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.755); Mulyadi, 1997 (p.102); Vaupel Klein & Gassmann, 1998 (p.441, Rem.); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.955, clé spp.); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.176, Déf.)

Rem.:

This genus is considered as non-valid by Boxshall & Halsey (2004, p.84).
Cf. Candacia