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 |
| Monstrillidae Dana, 1849 | | Ref.: | Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.80); Malaquin, 1901 (p.106); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.201, clé spp.); Sars, 1921 (p7); Rose, 1933 a (p.338); Sewell, 1949 (p.131, Rev.); Davis, 1949 a (p.245, Rev.); Razouls, 1972 (p.147); Davis & Green, 1974 (p.62); Isaac, 1974 (p.127); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, genera key.); Kabata, 1979 (p.84); Razouls, 1982 (p.747); Bowman & Abele, 1982 (p.13); Zheng Zhong & al., 1984 (1989) (p.272); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154, 422, Rem.); Grygier, 1994 (p.235, 240-241); 1994 a (p.23); 1995 (p.245, 247, Rev.); 1995 a (p.1, Rev.); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.1002); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.16; 835: Def.; p.837: Genera key; Rem.); Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 (p.460, Rem.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.156, Rem., Genera key); Suarez-Morales, 2011 (p.4, 8, Rem.: Rev.) | | Rem.: | 7 Genera are more or less well defined: Haemocera, Cymbasoma, Monstrilla, Monstrillopsis, Thaumaleus, Strilloma, Thaumatohessia.
Sewell (1949) gives the general characters of 4 genera (Table, p.132). Davis (1949 a) synonymizes on the one hand Thaumaleus (as in Giesbrecht,1892, not Kröyer,1849) and Cymbasoma, and on the other hand Monstrilla and Monstrillopsis.
Isaac (1975), in the zooplankton identification cards (pages 144/145), classifies the species into 5 genera: Monstrilla, Monstrillopsis, Thaumaleus, Thaumatohessia, Strilloma.
Huys & Boxshall (1991,154) acknowledge only 3: Monstrilla, Thaumaleus, Monstrillopsis.
Grygier (1994) demonstrates the identity between Monstrilla Dana, 1849 and Thaumaleus Kröyer,1849; the precedence going back to Monstrilla.
Awaiting a more correct redefinition of the genera, in compiling the species by genus, I have only taken into consideration those genera that seem to me the best settled.
Grygier (1995 a, p1-82) provides a bibliographic synthesis and an index of the species and their citations by various authors, with remarks on synonymies. The brief description of the type species Haemocera danae does not permit to keep this form. Furthermore, numerous species are poorly described hence synonymical confusions possible.
The keeping of the genus Strilloma is questionable taking into account the quality of the illustrations. Type : Strilloma longa Isaac, 1974. Suarez-Morales & Gasca (2004, p.292) confirm the non-validity of this genus.
The family comprises currently (2004) 3 genera: Cymbasoma, Monstrilla, Monstrillopsis, plus an unclassified form Thaumatohessia. After Grygier & Ohtsuka (2008, p.460), only for monstrillid genera can now be considered as clearly valid: Cymbasoma, Maemonstrilla, Monstrilla, Monstrillopsis
For Suarez-Morales (2011, p.4) 116 species are recognized, of which 56 belong to the genus Monstrilla, 41 to Cymbasoma, 12 to Monstrillopsis, and 7 to Maemonstrilla; the generic assignment or validity of about 10 other nominal species is uncertain. |  issued : A. Raibaut in Traité de Zoologie. Crustacés, VII (2). Edit. Masson, 1996. Copépodes. II. Les copépodes parasites. [p.691, Fig.245]. Biological cycle of Haemocera danae (Claparède, 1863) [drawing by the authot (1985) after Malaquin, 1901]. A, free naulius; B, nauplius going acrross integument of the annelid host; C, naupliar cells mass; D-G, four stages of naupliar development; H, parasitic terminal stage female; I, free adult female; J, parasitic terminal stage male; K, free adulut male with spermatophores. | | | | | | (1) Cymbasoma Thompson, 1888 | |
| | Syn.: | Thaumaleus : Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.80, 578), non Kröyer, 1849; Malaquin, 1901 (p.106); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.201); Isaac, 1974 (p.128); 1975 (p.2) | | Ref.: | I.C. Thompson, 1888 b (p.154); Sars, 1921 (p.19); Sewell, 1949 (p.132); Wilson, 1932 a (p.395); Rose, 1933 a (p.346); Threlkeld, 1977 (p.227); Razouls,1982 (p.758); Grygier, 1994 (p.241); 1994 a (p.24); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.1002); Suarez-Morales & Riccardi, 1997 (p.105, key spp. M); Suarez-Morales, 1999 (p.71: key of M. in Méditerranean Sea); Suarez-Morales, 2000 a (p.209, key of M); Suarez-Morales, 2000 d (p.144, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.837); Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 (p.460, Rem.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.157, Rem., spp. key); Chang, C.Y, 2012 (p.131) | | Rem.: | type: Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson,1888. 41 species in Suarez-Morales, 2011 (p.4). | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 2,654 mm (n= 21; S= 1,61; Cv= 0,607) and the mean male size is 1,408 mm (n= 16; S= 0,586; Cv= 0,416). The size ratio (M/F) is 0,659 ou 65,9 % (n= 10; S= 0,199; Cv= 0,302). If one excludes the three species of which the lengths are exceptional (8, 4,8 and 4,8 mm) the females measure 2,119 mm and the males 1,346 with a size ratio (M/F) of 0,671 | | | | Guanabaraenia Oliveira, 1945 | |
| | Ref.: | Oliveira, 1945 a (p.468); Razouls, 1982 (p.770) | | Rem.: | non Monstrillide | | | | | Ref.: | Malaquin, 1901 (p.108); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.202); Razouls, 1982 (p.770); Grygier, 1994 (p.240, Rem.); 1995 a (p.) | | Rem.: | Sars (1921, p.9) considers this genus as a synonym of Cymbasoma. Isaac (1974, 1975) does not recognize this genus and does not retain the generic criteria in Sewell, 1949 (p. 132). 1 species (unidentifiable). | | | | (2) Maemonstrilla Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 | |
| | Ref.: | Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 (p.462, Key to the Rtukyu species) | | Rem.: | Type: Maemonstrilla hyottoko. With 2 species groups: kyottoko group (Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008, p.463) and turgida group Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008, p.492). 7 species.
Diagnosis for females after Grygier & Ohtsuka (2008, p.462):
Ovigerous spines pointing forward between thoracopods.
P1 to P4 widely separated across midline; intercoxal of legs 1-4 low and approximately as wide ax legs themselves.
Cephalothorax bulbous, about half of body length, with often very prominent oral papilla in anterior third of length and 2-4 (usually 3) small scars clustered behind base of each A1.
Naupliar eye well developed; hyaline bodies absent in front of the widely separated lateral cups.
Dorsum of metasomal pedigers and all urosomal segments except telson (for the so-called 'anal somite') occupied by extensive, more or less rectangular patches of denticles or spinules.
A1 with branched outer distal b-setae.
Single pore on anterior face of 3rd segment of each ramus in P1-P4.
P5 either a long, narrow rod with 2 distal setae and at most a tiny, unarmed endopodal lobe, or bilobed with 3 setae on exopodal lobe and 1 (or supposedly 2 in one instance) on endopodal lobe.
Urosome 4-segmented.
Genital compound somite usually with obvious dorsal suture, lacking dorsal pores.
Caudal rami with 6 setae and ventral pore.
Males unknown (or unrecognized). In the samples examined, monstrillid specimens and species of various genera were usually abundant, and up to three species of maemonstrilla females co-occurred in samples; matching sexes by co-occurrence cannot be done in these circumstances. | | | | (3) Monstrilla Dana, 1849 | |
| | Syn.: | Monstrilla Dana,1849; Thaumatoëssa Kröyer, 1845 (= Thaumatoessia); Thaumaleus Kröyer, 1849 (in Damkaer & Damkaer, 1979, p.43); Monstrillopsis : Davis, 1949 a (p.246); Davis & Green, 1974 (p.62, 63); Strilloma : Isaac, 1974 a (p.134); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, 6, 9); Razouls, 1982 (p.769) | | Ref.: | Claus, 1863 (p.164); Bourne, 1890 b (p.574); Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.80, 585); van Breemen, 1908 a (p.202); A. Scott, 1909 (p.234); Pesta, 1920 (p.635); Sars, 1921 (p.10); Wilson, 1932 a (p.393); Rose, 1933 a (p.339); Davis, 1949 a (p.246); Sewell, 1949 (p.131, 132, Rev.); Ramirez, 1971 b (p.379); Davis & Green, 1974 (p.62, Rem.); Isaac, 1974 (p.128); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, 7, spp. key); 1975 b (p.163); Razouls, 1982 (p.761); Huys & Boxshall,1991 (p.154, 464); Grygier, 1994 (p.241, Rem.); 1995 (B.Z.N., 52 (3), p.245); B.Z.N., 1997, 54 (2) (p.131); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.837); Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 (p.460, Rem.)Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.172, Rem., spp.key) | | Rem.: | Type: Monstrilla viridis Dana, 1849, but the genus concept needs to be clarified by designation and detailed description of a neotype.. 57 species (of which several doubtful). Provisional number, the species of the genus Monstrillopsis should no doubt be incorporated in this genus (Davis, 1949 a; Davis & Green, 1974). 56 species in Suarez-Morales, 2011 (p.4) | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 2,713 mm (n= 28; S= 0,899; Cv= 0,331) and the mean male size is 1,711 mm (n= 18; S= 0,783; Cv= 0,458). The size ratio (M/F) is 0,637 or 63,7 % (n= 9; S= 0,138; Cv= 0,217) | | | | (4) Monstrillopsis Sars, 1921 | |
| | Ref.: | Sars, 1921 (p.25, Rem.); Davis, 1949 a (p.246, Rem.); Sewell, 1949 (p.132, Rem.); Davis & Green, 1974 (p.62, Rem.); Isaac, 1974 (p.127); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, clé spp.); Razouls, 1982 (p.768); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154,162, 165, 465); Grygier, 1994 (p.240, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.837); Suarez-Morales & al., 2006 (p.101-105, tab.1, key females); Grygier & Ohtsuka, 2008 (p.460, Rem.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.186, Rem., spp. key) | | Rem.: | type: Monstrilla dubia T. Scott,1904. The authors do not agree on the validity of this genus, in spite of the arguments of Davis (1949 a) : ? Cf. Monstrilla. 12 species. | | Remarks on dimensions and sex ratio: | | The mean female size is 2,071 mm (n= 6; S= 0,635; Cv= 0,307) and the mean male size is 1,168 mm (n= 5; S= 0,579; Cv= 0,496). The size ratio (M/F) is 0,566 ou 56,6 % (n= 4; S= 0,22; Cv= 0,389) | | | | | Ref.: | Isaac, 1974 a (p.134); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, 6, 9); Razouls, 1982 (p.769); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.837) | | Rem.: | The maintenance of this genus is questionable considering the quality of the illustrations. Type : Strilloma longa Isaac,1974. Suarez-Morales & Gasca (2004, p.292) confirm the non-validity of this genus. | | | | | Syn.: | Thaumatoëssa Kröyer, 1842-45; non Thaumaleus : Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.578) | | Ref.: | Malaquin, 1901 (p.85, 108); A. Scott, 1909 (p.239); Pesta, 1920 (p.632); Isaac, 1974 (p.128); 1975 (n°144/145, p.2, 3, 8, clé spp.); Threlkeld, 1977 (p.227); Razouls, 1982 (p.754); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154); Gryier, 1994 (p.235 & suiv., Rem.); 1995 (B.Z.N., 52 (3) (p.245); B.Z.N., 1997, 54, (2) (p.131) | | Rem.: | Type: Thaumaleus typicus Kröyer, 1849. Cf. Cymbasoma et Monstrilla | | | | Thaumatoessa Kröyer in Gaimard, 1842-1845 ? | |
| | Syn.: | Thaumaleus Kröyer,1849; Monstrilla Dana,1849 | | Ref.: | Grygier,1994 (p.241, Rem.) | | Rem.: | In spite of the priority rule, Grygier (1994) proposes the maintenance of Monstrilla over Thaumatoessa and over Thaumaleus (this genus being considered as later established). | | | | (0) Thaumatohessia Giard, 1900 (? Monstrillidae ) | |
| | Ref.: | Giard, 1900 (p.396); Isaac, 1975 (n°144/145, p.2); Razouls, 1982 (p.769); Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154, Rem.) | | Rem.: | This genus, created to understand an entirely original species (Thaumatohessia armoricana (Hesse,1868) does not correspond to the diagnosis of the family, but may belong to a neotenic form of a species of the preceding genera. This atypic form, presenting rudimentary mouth parts, has never been re-encountered in Brest (among the corals: Griffithsia corallina) | | | | | | History :
Among the pelagic copepods, the Monstrillidae constitute a particular case because of the characteristics of their meroplanctonic biological cycle and their protelian way of parasitism. They are under-represented in samples that are generally not adapted to their search. They distinguish themselves easily from the other copepods by their large size and their morphology.
Since the work of Malaquin (1901) on the biology of the Monstrillidae comprising a first revision of the group, we do not dispose of new studies concerning the totality of the group except numerous descriptions of new species.
A certain confusion exists concerning the synonymies following some proposed revisions: Van Breemen (1908 a), Sars (1921), Sars (1921), Wilson (1932 a), Sewell (1949), Davis (1949).
For Malaquin, the Monstrillidae family comprises two genera reexamined by Giesbrecht (1892), plus a third created by this author in 1896, of which the taxonomical characters are the following:
G1: Thaumaleus Kröyer,1849
Syn.: Monstrilla : Claparède, 1863; Möbius, 1884; Bourne, 1890; Cymbasoma : Thompson, 1888.
Ur : (F) : 2 Sgts; (M) : 3
F : (F) : 3 setae; (M) : 3 or 4
A1 : (F) : 3 or 4 Sgts; (M) : 5
Mouth at the front of the cephalothorax.
G2: Monstrilla Dana,1848
Syn.: Cymbasoma : Thompson,1887
Ur : (F) : 4 Sgts; (M) : 4
F : (F & M ): 5 or 6 setae
A1 : (F) : 4 Sgts; (M) : 5
Mouth in the middle of the cephalothorax
G3: Haemocera Malaquin,1896
Syn.: Monstrilla : Claparède, 1863; Bourne, 1890; Thompson, 1893
Ur: (F) : 3 Sgts; (M) : 4
F: (F) : 3 or 4 setae; (M) : 4
A1: (F) : 4 Sgts; (M) : 5
Mouth at the front of the cephalothorax.
In 1921, Sars divides the suborder of the Monstrillids in two well defined sections, each comprising one family:
Section 1: Monstrilloida cyclopimorpha with the family of the
Thaumatopsyllidae.
G: Thaumatopsyllus with the type species Thaumatopsyllus paradoxus Sars,1913.
The copepods belonging to this family are easily identifiable by the cyclopoid form of their body, the presence of three well-developed thoracic pairs of legs, the articulation of the body between the thoracic segments 3 and 4, the anal segment very elongated.
Section 2: Monstrilloida genuina with the family of the Monstrillidae
This family comprises the two genera previously defined: Monstrilla Dana,1848 which would be synonymous with Thaumaleus (Kröyer) no Giesbrecht. The genus Thaumaleus used by Giesbrecht (1892) would be synonymous with Cymbasoma Thompson (1888) to which one should rally the genus Haemocera created by Malaquin (1896). The principal criterium of Sars rests on the number of the furcal setae in the family. Besides, Sars creates the genus Monstrillopsisin which to include the species described by Scott
(1904): Monstrilla dubia.
The characters of these three genera are the following:
G1: Monstrilla Dana,1848
Ur: (F) : 3 Sgts; (M) : 4
F: (F) : 5 or 6 setae; (M) : 4 or 5 setae
Mouth generally far from forehead
P5 à 2 or 3 setae
G2: Cymbasoma Thompson,1888
Ur: (F) : 2 Sgts; (M) : 3
F: (F) : 3 setae; (M) : 4 (sometimes 3 setae ?)
A1: (F) : 4 Sgts; (M) : 5
Mouth closer to forehead
P5 (F) : 2 lobes
G3: Monstrillopsis Sars,1921
Ur: (F) : 3 Sgts; (M) : 4
F: (F & M) : 4 setae
A1: (F) : 4 Sgts; (M) : 5
Mouth close to forehead
P5 bilobed (F); absent in the male
G4: Thaumaleus Kröyer,1849
Ur: (F) : 2 Sgts, (M) : 3
F: linear, (F) : 5 setae
Mouth distant from anterior margin of the head
P4 female as long as the other leg pairs.
In the "Faune de France", Rose (1933 a) takes up the classification of Sars. This author describes in short nine species of the genus Monstrilla , nine species of the Cymbasoma and the unique species of the genus Monstrillopsis.
Monstrilla anglica Lubbock, 1857; M clavata Sars, 1921; M. gracilicauda Giesbrecht, 1892; M. grandis Giesbrecht, 1891; M. helgolandica Claus, 1863; M. longicornis Thompson, 1890; M. longiremis Giesbrecht, 1892; M. leucopis Sars, 1921; M. serricornis Sars, 1921.
Cymbasoma filogranarum (Malaquin, 1896) ; C. longispinosum (Bourne, 1890); C. malaquini (Caullery & Mesnil, 1914); C. reticulatum (Giesbrecht, 1892); C rigidum Thompson, 1888; C. roscovita (Malaquin, 1901); C. rostrata (T. Scott, 1904); C. thompsoni (Giesbrecht, 1892); C. zetlandica (T. Scott, 1904).
Monstrillopsis dubia (T. Scott, 1904).
In 1949, two revisions of the monstrillids have been realised separately by Sewell and Davis. These two authors do not acknowledge the genera defined by Sars, but diverge in their conclusion. The sections created by Sars were maintained as well as the genus Thesiopsyllus of Wilson (1932 a); Sewell adds a new genus to the section of the Cyclopimorphes: Orientopsyllus.
The family of the Monstrillidae would comprise the three genera of Sars, but also the maintenance of the genus Haemocera of Malaquin (not retained by Rose who considers H. danae cas a synonym of Cymbasoma rigidum ) and eventually the genus Thaumaleus de Kröyer (1849) of which the type would be T. typicus. Al Kholy (1963) studied some species of the Monstrillids from the Red Sea and describes two new species and one variety. This author exposes in short the criteria of the classification by Sewell which are summarized in the table below.
The number of segments of the urosome and the number of the furcal setae permits to separate the genera Cymbasoma and Monstrilla. The other characters do not authorize the creation of other genera. The family of the Monstrillidae comprises thus only two genera: Monstrilla and Cymbasoma (Syn.: Monstrillopsis Sars and Haemocera Malaquin).
|
Monstrilla |
Monstrillopsis |
Haemocera |
Cymbasoma |
Urs: Sgts Female
Male |
3 or 4
4 |
3
4 |
3
4 |
2
3 |
F: Setae Female
Male |
5 or 6
4 or 6 |
4
4 |
3 or 4
3 or 4 |
3 or 4
3 or 4
|
Mouth |
in the middle |
forward |
forward |
forward |
A1 : Sgts Female
Male |
4 ou 5 (pls 2)
5 |
4
5 |
4
5 |
3 ou 4
5 |
P5 Male |
2 setae |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Eyes |
undeveloped |
developed |
developed |
developed |
In 1949 Davis produces a revision of the Monstrillids, speaking of the description of two new species, accompanied by a key based on the descriptions of various authors. The separation of the genera according to the number of urosome segments was not a good criterium, certain species could only belong to one single genus: Monstrilla. This author proposes provisionally to classify the species in the two genera: Monstrilla (Syn.: Monstrillopsis ) and Thaumaleus (Syn.: Cymbasoma ).
The known species divide then in the following way:
G.1: Monstrilla
M. anglica Lubbock, 1857; M. clavata Sars, 1921; M. canadensis McMurrich, 1917; M. conjunctiva Giesbrecht, 1902; M. cymbula A. Scott, 1909; M. dakinensis Davis, 1949; M. dubia T. Scott, 1904; M. floridana Davis, 1949; M. gracilicauda Giesbrecht, 1892; M. grandis Giesbrecht, 1891; M. helgolandica Claus, 1863; M. inserta A. Scott, 1909; M. leucopis Sars, 1921; M. longicornis Thompson, 1890; M. longipes A. Scott, 1909; M. longiremis Giesbrecht, 1892; M. mixta T. Scott, 1914; M. nicholsii Davis, 1949; M. orcula A. Scott, 1909; M. ostroumowi Karavaev, 1894; M. reticulata Davis, 1949; M. rugosa Davis, 1947; M. serricornis Sars, 1921; M. turgida A. Scott, 1909; M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913.
G.2: Thaumaleus
T. bullatus A. Scott, 1909; T. danae (Claparède, 1863); T. gigas A. Scott, 1909); T. gracile (Gurney, 1927); T. longispinosus (Bourne, 1890); T. quadridens (Davis, 1947); T. rigidum (Thompson, 1888); T. thompsoni Giesbrecht, 1892.
Remarks: Monstrilla viridis Dana,1849 from the Sulu Sea is omitted because of its insufficient description. The description of the four species by Davis (1947 and 1949 a): Monstrilla floridana , M. reticulata , M. rugosa and Cymbasoma quadridens urges the author to consider the two genera Monstrilla and Monstrillopsis as synonyms, as well as Thaumaleus and Cymbasoma, what he confirms in 1974.
The genus Haemocera seems to have been maintained because of the questionable synonymy between Monstrilla danae Claparède, 1863 and Haemocera danae Malaquin, 1901 ( in Sewell, 1949, remark: p.145), although Grygier (1995 a, p. 62) considers these as synonyms.
The definition of these different genera would be the following:
|
Monstrilla |
Haemocera |
Cymbasoma
|
Thaumaleus |
Ur : Sgts Female
Male |
3 or 4
4 |
3
4 |
2
3 |
2
3 |
F (sertae): Female
Male |
4 to 6
4 to 6 |
3
4 |
wide, 3
" , 4 |
narrow, 3
" , 4 |
Grygier (1994) reexamines the type species Thaumatoessa typica previously illustrated ( in Atlas de Zoologie de Gaimard, 1842-1845 ?) by Kröyer and redescribed by this author as Thaumaleus typicus in 1849 ( in Damkaer & Damkaer, 1979) from a female juvenile stage 5 found in the entrance of the Trondheimsfjorden (Norway). In spite of the precedence of the genus Thaumatoessa, the genus Thaumaleus should be maintained (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52 (3), p.245). However, T. typica could be a senior synonym of Monstrilla longicornis Thompson,1890 and of Monstrilla clavata Sars,1921. The genus Monstrilla, being defined by the type species Monstrilla viridis Dana, 1849 (non 1848), type of the Monstrillidae family (Grygier, 1995, p.247) has become of common use. In addition, numerous species have been attributed to the genus Thaumaleus while identifiable to the genus Cymbasoma with as type species Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson,1888.
In 1974 Isaac creates the genus Strilloma with as type species Strilloma longa found in Florida (Dry Tortugas), and taken up in the plankton identification leaflets of the ICES-CIEM (1975, no. 144/145, p. 2, 6, 9), but contested by Huys & Boxshall, 1991 (p.154, Rem.). The author includes Strilloma lata (Desai & Bal,1963 as Monstrilla lata) from the Indian Ocean (Bombay) and from Eastern Scotland (Firth of Forth). The maintenance of this genus is questionable taking into account the quality of the illustrations.
An important contribution to the knowledge of numerous new species is due to Suarez-Morales and coll. during this last period (1992-2004).
This short history of the various revisions of the Monstrillidae family and the inventory of the species, which I compiled from publications currently in my possession, permits me to draw the following conclusions:
Numerous insufficiently described species need new observations in the type localities in order to permit a clarification of the synonymies.
Breeding will prove to be necessary if one follows the opinion of Malaquin on the repercussions of the degeneration of these organisms on the criteria used for their classification.
The parasitic specificity, through examination and breeding of Polychaeta and of Gasteropoda would be a useful complement.
actual consensus seems only to consider two genera in the Monstrillidae family: Cymbasoma and Monstrilla, plus possibly the atypical case of the Thaumatohessia Giard,1900.
Various identifications, without comments, in the faunistic lists are questionable. Under these conditions the geographical distribution of the species remains very uncertain.
The detailed works of Suarez-Morales these last years and in progress should clarify the assemblage of this order. | | | |
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 Any use of this site for a publication will be mentioned with the following reference :
Razouls C., de Bovée F., Kouwenberg J. et Desreumaux N., 2005-2012. - Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods. Available at http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en
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