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Calanoida ( Order )

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    Calanoidea ( Superfamily )

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 Abbreviations or symbols

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.277].
Morphological types of setae and aesthetascs.
Nota: Four types of antennal setae may be recognized among the Calanidae:
Type 1: smooth-surfaced, acuminate filaments varying from shorter than the bearing segment to more than 10 times its length (D), and located anteriorly on the segment.
Type 2: short, coniform processes (E), always found on the anterior, distal end of Segment 8 and in many species on Segment 12.
Type 3: pseudo-annulated setae bearing spike-like setules (F), located on Segments 22, 23 and 24.
Type 4: short and with a more or less capitate apex, usually filled with lipid-like globules (G); they occur only in adults males on one or more of the following segments depending upon the species (fused Segment 1-2, Segment 7 and Segment 9. The capitate setae occupy the distal position that is filled by a Type 1 seta in the female and in the copepodite stage V.

Aesthetascs:appear in 3 forms:
Category 1: slender, vermiform processes (A) located on most segments of the female antenna.
Category 2: digitiform, irregularly swollen or pinched along their length, and rounded at the apex (B); they occur on Segments 1 thriugh 9 in males.
Category 3: occurring in males on Segments 10 to 23, vary structurally in fine detail among the genera, but all have a central cuticular keel articulating proximally with the antero-distal corner of the segment and extending to the succeeding antennal segment (C). A 'fleshy' layer covers the keel and extends as dorsal and ventral lamellae over the length of the Category 3 aesthetasc. These lamellae may be fused over the entire length of the aesthetasc or may separate at the distal end. The 'fleshy' layer is fragile and often is partially to totally eroded by capturing nets or during storage in formaldehyde.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.278, Table 2].
Calanidae Number of setae (Set) and aesthetascs (Aes) per antennule segment in the Calanidae genera examined.
Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.

Arrangement of setae and aesthetascs:
In all species studied, most or all of the adult females had a trithek arrangement (i.e. 1 proximal seta, 1 distal seta, and 1 distal aesthetasc) on each segment of A1 except Segments 1 and 20 to 25 (see Calanus pacificus californicus Fleminger, 1985). Segment 1 bears 3 setae and 1 aesthetasc. Segment 2, apparently a fusion of 3 segments, bears 3 such tritheks in positions 2a, 2b, and 2c. Segments 20 and 21 each lack 1 seta and the latter usually lacks the aesthetasc as well. Segments 22 and 23 have only 1 seta and 1 aesthetasc anteriorly and 1 posteriorly positioned, plumose, pseudoannulated seta (Type 3). Segment 24 has 2 setae similar to those of Segment 23, but no aesthetasc. Segment 25 bears 4 relatively short setae, i minute seta and 2 aesthetascs (see fig. A1 of calanus pacificus californicus and Calanoides philippinensis from Fleminger, 1985) ; it may be derived from the fusion of two or more segments.
The A1 of adult males exhibits alternation of trithek and quadrithek combinations, the latter consisting of 2 setae and 2 aesthetascs and occurring on Segments 2b, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Segments 2a, 2c, 4, 6, 8 and 10 through 19 bear tritheks (as in the female).Segment 21 bears 1 seta and 1 aesthetasc in the male. The remaining segments carry the same numbers and types of setae and aesthetascs as found in the female. All the setae and th escale-like male aesthetascs are articulated and rotate through about 90° from normal to the antenna surface to flat against it.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.279, Table 2 (continued)].
Calanidae Number of setae (Set) and aesthetascs (Aes) per antennule segment in the Calanidae genera examined.
Bracketed segments are completely fused; Segments 8 and 9 are incompletely fused. Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.

Issued from : A. Fleminger in Mar. Biol., 1985, 88. [p.279, Table 3].
Calanus s.s. Antennule segmentation, setation and aesthetasc.
Individual segments with similar numbers of Set and Aes are grouped together.
Setae: Set = setiform; Spi = spiniform; Plu = plumose and pseudoannulated; Cap = capitate.
Aesthetascs: Ver = vermiform; Dig = digitiform; Sca = scale-like.

Additional information for this family

issued from : M. E. Sabatini, F. C. Ramirez & J. Bradford-Grieve in Invert. Syst., 2007, 21. [p.361, Table 4]. Comparison of Calanoides species: key characters to distinguish female specimens.

issued from : M. E. Sabatini, F. C. Ramirez & J. Bradford-Grieve in Invert. Syst., 2007, 21. [p.362, Table 5]. Comparison of Calanoides species: key characters to distinguish male specimens.

issued from : R.J. Machida, M.U. Miya, M. Nishida & S. Nishida in Mar. Biol., 2006, 148. [p.1077, Fig.4].
Relationship between the phylogeny and distribution pattern of the Neocalanus species.
Shaded portions of the maps represent distributions based on the litterature. Clades A-E correspond to those in Fig.3, p.1075.
By comparing the habitat localities and the phylogenetic relationship, it has been demonstrated that major linkeages of Neocalanus species diverged into different habitat localities. ''Groups'' classified by Bradford & Jillett (1974) is the first bifurcation among Neocalanus species (clade A), those separated by the temperature gradient between tropical to subtropical waters (''gracilis\" group: N.gracilis and N. robustior) and subarctic waters (''tonsus'' group: N. tonsus, N. cristatus, N.plumchrus, N. flemingeri). Second bifurcation is between N. tonsus and the rest of the species in the ''tonsus'' group (N. cristatus, N. flemingeri, N. plumchrus), those separated by the subantarctic and subarctic Pacific (clade B). Although these subantarctic and subarctic Pacific species constitute the sister clade, their distribution areas are widely separated. The occurrence of closely related animals to the north and south of the tropical zone but not within the tropics, known as bipolar or antitropical distribution, among zooplankton assemblage is not an exceptional phenomenon (Reid, 1978). Several mechanisms have been proposed for the development of antitropical distributions, divisible into two classes: dispersal and vicariance (Burridge, 2002). The dispersal mechanism assumes that a taxon was originally represented on one side of the tropics, and subsequently moved across the equator to colonize the opposite hemisphere. On the other hand, the vicariance mechanism assumes that taxa that once occurred in the tropics but were later expatriated, resulting in osolated Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations.
The four species that occur in subarctic Pacific and subantarctic clustered monophyletically and all of the species are known to perform ontogenetic vertical migration (Miller, 1988). Therefore, the dispersal mechanism is much more likely than the vicariance mechanism for the explanation of the antitropicality of thes four Neocalanus species.
Two explanations have been proposed for the transequatoril exchange of populations in the plankton community (Dunbar, 1979). One is through the deep water link between populations, a low-temperature route. Another explanation is transequatorial dispersal during glaciations, implicating cooler surface water temperature, only applicable to carnivorous or omnivorous zooplankton that complete its life cycle in mesopelagic environment, and not for Neocalanus species, which mainly depend on primary production.

Additional information for the Calanidae family ( back to the main information )

Figure 1

Table I: species, length, depth and location characteristics (E: epipelagic; M: meso-; B: bathy-).

species	Lg (mm)
Neocalanus cristatus	7,50 à 10,50	Arct. & sub-arct. (Pacif.)	E-B
Calanus hyperboreus	5,50 à 10	Arct. & sub-arct. (Atlant.)
Calanoides acutus	± 3,50 à ± 6	Antarct. & sub-antarct.	E-M
Calanus glacialis	-	Arct. & sub-arct.
Calanus propinquus	-	Antarct. & sub-antarct.	E-M
Neocalanus flemingeri	-	sub-arct. (Pacif.)
Neocalanus plumchrus	-	sub-arct. (Pacif.)
Calanus pacificus	2,15 à 5	sub-arct., cold temperate
Neocalanus robustior	-	cosmop, tropic., subarct.	E-M
Neocalanus tonsus	-	sub-antarct., tropic.
Calanus finmarchicus	-	cold temperate	E-M
Calanoides carinatus	± 2,50 à ± 4	cosmop, sub-antarct, tropic.	E-B
Calanoides macrocarinatus	-	sub-antarct.	E-B
Calanus australis	-	sub-antarct.	E-B
Calanus chilensis	-	cold temperate
Calanus euxinus	-	temperate
Calanus helgolandicus	-	temperate	E-M
Calanus simillimus	-	sub-antarct.
Calanus sinicus	-	tropic., cold temperate
Calanus marshallae	-	sub-arct.
Calanus jaschnovi	-	temperate
Neocalanus gracilis	-	cosmop., topic., cold temperate
Calanoides patagoniensis	± 2 à ± 3	sub-antarct.	E-?M
Calanoides philippinensis	-	tropic.	M
Calanus agulhensis	-	temperate
Cosmocalanus caroli	-	tropic.
Cosmocalanus darwini	-	cosmop., topic., cold temperate	E-?M
Mesocalanus lighti	-	sub-tropic.
Mesocalanus tenuicornis	-	cosmop., topic., temperate	E-B
Undinula vulgaris	-	cosmop., tropic.
Nannocalanus minor	-	cosmop., tropic., cold temperate	E-M
Canthocalanus pauper	-	tropic. (Indo-Pacif.)	E