Choose another family AcartiidaeAegisthidaeAetideidaeArctokonstantinidaeArietellidaeAugaptilidaeBathypontiidaeBoholinidaeCalanidaeCandaciidaeCentropagidaeClausidiidaeClausocalanidaeClytemnestridaeCorycaeidaeCyclopettidaeDiaixidaeDiscoidaeEctinosomatidaeEpacteriscidaeEucalanidaeEuchaetidaeEuterpinidaeFosshageniidaeGiselinidaeHeterorhabdidaeHyperbionychidaeKyphocalanidaeLubbockiidaeLucicutiidaeMecynoceridaeMegacalanidaeMegapontiidaeMesaiokeratidaeMetridinidaeMiraciidaeMisophriidaeMonstrillidaeMormonillidaeNullosetigeridaeOithonidaeOncaeidaePalpophriidaeParacalanidaeParalubbockiidaeParapontellidaeParkiidaePhaennidaePlatycopiidaePontellidaePontoeciellidaePseudocyclopidaePseudocyclopiidaePseudodiaptomidaeRataniidaeRhincalanidaeRidgewayiidaeRostrocalanidaeRyocalanidaeSapphirinidaeSpeleoithonidaeSpeleophriidaeSpinocalanidaeStephidaeSulcanidaeTemoridaeThalestridaeTharybidaeThaumatopsyllidaeTisbidaeTortanidaeUrocopiidaeincertae sedis (Calanoida)incertae sedis (Cyclopoida)

Calanoida ( Order )

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    Clausocalanoidea ( Superfamily )

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 Abbreviations or symbols

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.870 Fig. 5].
Schematic view of right A1 in males of ''Bradfordian'' family Scolecitrichidae.
Black arrows: fused ancestral segments; Roman numerals: ancestral segments; dotted line between antennule segments: incomplete fusion.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.73, Table 1].
A2 armament (number of seta) in different ''Bradfordian'' genera (females). Scolecitrichidae.
c: coxa; b: basis; End1: endoppd segment 1; End2: endopod segment 2; Exp: exopod.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.74, Table 2].
Md armament (number of seta) in different ''Bradfordian'' genera (females). Scolecitrichidae.
b: basis; End1: endopod segment 1; End2: endopod segment 2; Exp: exopod; gn: gnathobase.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.76, Table 3].
Mx1 armament (number of seta) in different ''Bradfordian'' genera (females). Scolecitrichidae.
pa: praecoxal arthrite (setal formula of praecoxal arthrite: terminal+posterior+anterior setae); ce: coxal endite; bp: proximal basal endite; bd: distal basal endite; End: endopod; Exp: exopod; Epi: epipodite.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.78, Table 4].
Mx2 armament (number of seta) in different ''Bradfordian'' genara (females). Scolecitrichidae.
at: attenuation; pe: praecoxal endite; ce: coxal endite; bp: proximal basal endite; bd: distal basal endite; el: enditic-like lobe of proximal endopodal segment; End: endopod; w: worm-like seta; br: brush-like seta; sc: sclerotised seta.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva, S. Laakmann & J. Renz in Mar. Biodiv., 2014, 44 [p.80, Table 5].
Mxp setation (number of seta) in different ''Bradfordian'' genera (females). Scolecitrichidae.
at: attenuation; pes: praecoxal endites of syncoxa (from proximal to distal); ces: coxal endite of syncoxa; bp: basis proximal; bd: basis distal; End: endopod.
For more detailed morphology of the seta on the praecoxal endites of the maxilliped syncoxa see Markhaseva & Ferrari (2005) and Markhaseva & al. (2008).

Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.186].
Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.157, Table 3].
Family placement of Cenognatha, Neoscolecithrix, Rythabis and Xantharus in publications.

Remarks: Calanoid copepods belonging to 'bradfordian genera' possess two kinds of poorly-sclerotized, chemosensory setae on the distal endite of the basis and ramus of Mx2; many species also have such setae on the praecoxal endites of the Mxp.
Most 'bradfordian' species are members of the Scolecitrichidae (about 200 species in 25 genera) or the Phaennidae (about 110 species in 8 genera), and most of these species are pelagic.
Species of Tharybidae (about 50 species in 5 genera), Diaixis (about 10 species in 2 genera) and Parkiidae (1 species in one genus) have been collected in waters above the sea bed.
Giesbrecht (1892) diagnosed the first of these families, Scolecitrichidae. When Diaixidae, Phaennidae and Tharybidae were established, Sars (1902) placed Scolecitrichidae and Phaennidae in a different taxonomic section than Diaixidae and Tharybidae, implying two separate monophyletic lineages for calanoids with these chemosensory setae.
Fleminger (1957) proposed the four families were closely related, in part based on the chemosensory setae. However, Fleminger noted that it was difficult to separate species of Scolecitrichidae from those of Tharybidae, and recent attempts at family placement of Cenognatha, Neoscolecithrix, Ryrhabis and Xantharus exemplify the problem (Table 3).
More recently, Andronov (2002) questioned the validity of both Tharybidae and Diaixidae. The existing diagnostic characters of the two former families are not sufficient to separate them from Scolecitrichidae.With an increasing number of surveys of the immediately deep-sea floor and particularly of hyperbenthic species, number have morphologically diverse chemosensory setae, resulting in several taxa.
The most recent ‘bradfornian’ family, Parkiidae was considered monotypic at the time of the discovery of Parkius karenwishneri Ferrari & Markhaseva 1996 ; the diagnosis was based on setarion patterns of Mx2 and Mxp, and the epicuticular extensions of Von Vaupel Klein’s organ. The four other ‘bradfordian’ families continue to be diagnosed using incomplete analyses of the number oand morphology of the chemosensory setae on Mx2 (Bradford & al., 1983 ; Boxshall & halsey, 2004). Observations of these transformed setae on Mx2 do not permit assignment of paryicular setae to the distal endite of the basis or to the presumably multi-segmented ramus, so that homologous setae cannot be identified among different species.
The problem of setal homologues on Mx2 presents a significant obstacle to the analysis of ‘bradfordian’ species.
Ferrari & Markhaseva (2005) show that within the genus Tharybis, the number and kinds of sensory setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2 exhibits the following : 3 worm-like setae, 5 brush-like setae and 1 sclerotized ; 3 worm-lke setae and 6 brush-like setae ; 3 worm-like setae and 5 brush-like setae. This variability further suggests that the number and kinds of sensory setae alone is not adequate to diagnose the ‘bradfordian’ families, or to separate ‘bradfordian’ genera with similar numbers and kinds of sensory setae (see in Ferrari & Markhaseva, 2000c).
Two other characters are considered rtio have affected the evolution of ‘bradfordian’ families : number and morphology of the setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp ; setation and arthrodial membranes on the exopod of A2.
The loss and/or transformation of setae to the praecoxal endites of syncoxa of Mxp has been suggested as important to the evolutionary history of the ‘bradfordian’ families (see Ferrari & Markhaseva, 200c). Earlier, Ohtsuka & al (1998) did not consider this character diagnostically useful, nor did Vyshkvartzeva (2000).
The ancestral ‘bradfordian’ calanoid is assumed to have had 1, 2, and 3 sclerotized, mechanosensory setae on the proximal, middle and distal praecoxal endites, respectively of the syncoxa of Mxp (Fig. 29, C). The first transformation to the praecoxal endites is assumed to have been the loss of 1 sclerotized seta from the distal endite (Fig. 29, D), and the second transformation is assumed to have been the loss of a second sclerotized seta from that endite.
Loss of a sclerotized set ais equivalent to a single transformation. Subsequently, 1 sclerotized seta on each of the three endites may be transformed into a worm-like, chemosensory seta. A brush-like seta, often present on the distal endite, is assumed to be derived from a worm-like seta (Ohtsuka & al., 1998), rather than directly from a sclerotized seta, so a brush-like seta represents two transformations.

The exopod of A2 of the ancestral ‘bradfordian’ calanoid (Fig. 30, A) is assumed to have had a proximal segment with a medial seta, followed by a long segment with 3 medial setae arranged linearly. Four short segments eazch with 1 long, thick seta were followed by an elongate segment with its medial seta at mid-length. A small, distal segment with 3 terminal setae completes the ramus. This exopod is assumed to have been derived from a 10-segmented exopod of the ancestral calanoid ; 9 segments, each with a single medial seta and of similar size, was followed by a distal segment with 3 terminal setae (see Ferrari & Markhaseva, 200a). The long segment with 3 medial setae of the ‘bradfordian’ ancestor is assumed to be a complex of 3 segments ; each represented by its medial seta but 2 lack a distal arthrodial membrane.
The exopod of A2 of calanoids is patterned during the naupliar phase of development from an area immediately distal to the proximal segment so that the proximal seta of the long segment is the last structure formed (unpublished observations of nauplii of Calanus finmarchicus.
A proximal-to-distal loss of setae on the long segment, followed by loss of the arthrodial membrane between the long segment and the proximal of the four small segments, is assumed to represent the progresive transformation of the exopod affected simply a progressively earlier truncation of development.
From this model, an exopod for which a medial set ais absent from the proximal segment is the first derived state, followed by one in which the proximal seta of the long segment complex fails to form (Fig. 30, B), and then a long segment complex in which the proximal and middle setae fail to form (Fig. 30, C). Further transformations are a long segment complex in which no setae are present, or one in which the distal arthropodial membrane of the long segment complex fails to form (Fig.30, D), and finally a long segment on which both distal seta and distal arthropodial membrane fail to form so that the long segment is composed of 4 segments with 1 distal seta.

The ancestral ‘bradfordian’ calanoid is assumed th have had 9 setae on the distal endite of the basis plus ramus of Mx2, because no more than 9 sclerotized setae are present on any species in the superfamily Clausocalanoidea (see in Table 4).

Following the transformation series proposed for syncoxal setae of Mxp, 1 sclerotized seta plus 5 worm-like setae and 3 brush-like setae on the distal endite of the basis plus ramus of Mx2, as in present in Neoscolecithrix japonica Ohtsuka, Boxshall & Fosshagen (2003), represents 11 transformations among the 9 originally sclerotized setae, and is the leastnumber of transformations among extant ‘bradfordian’ species.. Loss of either a sclerotized seta or a worm-like seta from the distal endite of the basis, resulting in 8 setae, is assumed to have occurred early in the evolution of the group.
Failure of formation of any set ais equivalent to a single transformation step ; however a sclerotized seta or a worm-like chemosensory set ais much more likely to fail to form than is a brush-like seta due to the latter’s greater complexity (Nishida & Ohtsuka, 1997).
In the following analysis, the least derived condition is assigned to a genus exhibiting variable states of any character. For example, 3 different states for the exopod of A2 of Byrathis asre descibed : 1, 1-1-1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 ; 1, 1-1-1-1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 ; 1, 1-1-1, 1-1, 1, 1, 1, 3. The first state in which 7 arthropodial membranes are present is considered the state of the ancestral Byrathis. In addition, transformations of sclerotized setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp are assumed to precede changes to the exopod of A2 in all cases. Changes to individual setae of the distal basal endite and ramus of Mx2 are assumed to have been the last to occur during the evolutionary history of ‘bradfordian’ species.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.158, Fig.29].
Ancestral condition of setation of praecoxal endites of tje Mwp syncoxa for various 'bradfordian' genera (Discussion above and source of observations in brackets below).

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.159, Fig.29].
Souce of observations for schematic representation of setation of praecoxal endites of Mxp syncoxa for various 'bradfordian' genera (figures above).

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.160, Fig.30].
Ancestral condition of setation and segmentation of exopod of A2 for various 'bradfordian' genera (sources as for fig. 29 and discussions in text above).

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.164, Fig.31].
Relationships among some 'bradfordian' genera based on : Number and type of setae on praecoxal endites of Mxp; setation of five ancestral segments of the exopod of A2; number and kinds of setae on the distal basal endite olus ramus of Mx2. Sequence of 3 numbers separated by periods are number of setae on the proximal, middle and distal praecoxal endites of Mxp syncoxa (w = worm-like seta; b = brush-like seta; sclerotized seta as a simple number); sequence of 5 numbers separated by commas (artheopodial membrane present) and dashes (arthropodial membrane absent) are segment/seta on the proximal five ancestral segments of the exopod of A2; sequence of 3 numbers separated by commas are the number of sclerotized, worm-like, brush-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2.

Nota: Loss of 1 sclerotized seta to the distal praecoxal endite of Mxp, followed by the loss of a second sclerotized seta to the same endite results in an ancestral group and 2 major derived lineages (Fig. 31).
The ancestral group retains 1, 2, 3 setae, respectively, on the proximal, middle and distal praecoxal endites. Byrathis, Diaixis, Xantharus, Falsilandrumius, Landrumius, Neoscolecithrix, Cenognatha share a sensory seta on the distal praecoxal endite of Mxp.
Grievella, Tharybis are without a seta on the proximal segment and a proximal seta on the long segment complex of the exopod of A2.
Brodskius is derived by loss of the seta on the proximal praecoxal endite of Mxp.
Most genera of the first monophyletic lineage, with 1, 2, 2 setae on the praecoxal endites of the syncoxa of Mxp, previously have been placed in the family Phaennidae. Phaennocalanus retains a sclerotized setae on all praecoxal endites; the remaining genera shate a brush-like seta on the distal praecoxal endite. Plesioscolecithrix, Puchinia, Brachycalanus, Rythabis, Parkius share a worm-like seta on the middle praecoxal endite of Mxp.
Cornucalanus, Onchocalanus, Phaenna, Cephalophanes, Talacalanus, Xanthocalanus share a derived antennal 2 exopod but are incompletely resolved. It should be pointed out that Xanthocalanus consists of almost 50 species, of which many are poorly described. When the genus is revised, some species will be placed in known genera, including Brachycalanus, while other species will have new genera established for them.
Undinella is derived by loss of the seta on the proximal praecoxal endite of Mxp.
Genera of the second monophyletic lineage, with 1, 2, 1 setae on the praecoxal endites of the syncoxa of Mxp, have been placed in the Scolecitrichidae, with the exception of the genus Omorius. This genus and Archeoscolecithrix retain sclerotized setae on the praecioxal endites of Mxp ; all other genera share a brush-like seta on the distal praecoxal endite. A worm-like seta on the middle praecoxal endite, pre-sumably homologous to that of first lineage, separates Parascaphocalanus, Scolecithrix, Scolecitrichopsis, Scaphocalanus, Scolecithricella, Scottocalanus, Macandrewella, Pseudoamallothrix from Amallothrix, Scopalatum, Mixtocalanus, Racovitzanus, Lophothrix.
The ancestral group and both derived lineages have genera without transformed setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp : Grievella with 1, 2, 3 sclerotized setae ; Phaennocalanus with 1, 2, 2 sclerotized setae ; Archeoscolecithrix, and Omorius with 1, 2, 1 sclerotized seta.
In the ancestral group Grievella, Xantharus, Tharybis, Landrumius, Falsilandrumius, Neoscolecithrix retain the primitive state of 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. In the first derived lineage some species of Brachicalanus retain 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. No genus in the second derived lineage retains 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2.
5 worm-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2 are retained by Brodskius, Byrathis, Neoscolecithrix in the ancestral group, 6 worm-like setae by Rythabis in the first derived lineage and 5 by Omorius in the second derived lineage.
Most genera of the first derived lineage are without setae on the three segments of the long segment complex of the exopod of A2, while most genera of the second derived lineage retain the seta on the distal segment of the three segments of the long segment complex.
Loss of the seta on the proximal praecoxal endite of Mxp of Brodskius and Undinella is unique to the lineages with 3 or 2 setae, respectively, on the distal praecoxal endite. This loss is assumed to have been independently derived.
Due to the paucity of characters, the above hypothesized relationships (Fig. 31) results in undefined lineages and unresolved groups of genera. However ithe aothors’ hypothesis about relationships is correct, then different pelagic or benthopelagic ancestors to the genera comprising both families Phaennidae and Scolecitrichidae suggest these pelagic families are not their onwn closest relatives.
A less derived benthopelagic genus is hypothesized for each family : Omorius for genera in the Scolecitrichidae ; an early species of the ancestral group for genera in the Phaennidae (Fig. 31). This inference suggests that the invasion of the pelagic realm by ‘bradfordian’ copepods has occurred more than once after the colonization of benthopelagic habitats by a tharybid-lke ‘bradfordian’ ancestor (Bradford-Grieve, 2004).
The results of this analysis are considered preliminary because assumptions about the transformations of character states and the order of transformation of different characters have yet to be applied to many ‘bradfordian’ genera.
Assignment to families of the three genera remains tentative. Byrathis belongs to lineage, with Diaixis, Xantharus, Falsilandrumius, Landrumius, Neoscolecithrix, Cenognatha in which 1 of 3 setae on the distal praecoxal endite of Mxp has been transformed to a sensory seta ; Diaixidae is avalable for this lineage.
Brodskius belongs to a lineage with Grievella, Tharybis in which setae on the two proximal segments of the exopod of A2 fail to form ; Tharybidae is avalable for this lineage.
Omorius may be placed in the family Scolecitrichidae as diagnosed with 1, 2, 1 setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp.
Among ‘bradfordian’ species and genera, parallel transformations of apparently homologous Mxp syncoxal sclerotized setae into poorly-sclerotized setae provide examples of Vavilov’Law (1920) that related species may express a similar variation in derived homologous structures (see Vanilov, 1966).
If the number of setae on each of 3 praecoxal endites of Mxp determines early branching, a modest number of convergences results for stattes of the exopod of A2, and a large number of convergences results for the number of woem-like plus brush-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. The convergences in states of the exopod of A2 usually results from presence/absence of the arthropodial membrane between the long segment and the proximal of 4 small segments.
Careful observations of segmentation and setation of the exiopod may reduce the number of these convergences. The same cannot be said for the number of worm-like plus brush-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2 because determining homologies of these individual setae seems beyond the limits of optical microscopoy.
Detailed descriptions of Mandible, maxilla 1 and swimming leg 1 hold promise as informative states of ‘bradfordian’ genera. Knob or bumps on the distal and posterior faces of Md, and differences in numbers of setae or presence/absence of arthrodial membranes on Mx1 have proven useful in diagnosing genera. Von Vaupel Klein’s organ on P1 also may help resolve relationships among ’bradfordian’ genera. This organ, synapomorphy of gymnoplean copepods, is a transformation of the medial seta of the basis and the anterior face of the proximal endopodal segment which bears one medial seta.
Cornucalanus, Onchocalanus, Phaenna, Cephalophanes, Talacalanus, Xanthocalanus share a derived antennal 2 exopod but are incompletely resolved. It should be pointed out that Xanthocalanus consists of almost 50 species, of which many are poorly described. When the genus is revised, some species will be placed in known genera, including Brachycalanus, while other species will have new genera established for them.
Undinella is derived by loss of the seta on the proximal praecoxal endite of Mxp.
Genera of the second monophyletic lineage, with 1, 2, 1 setae on the praecoxal endites of the syncoxa of Mxp, have been placed in the Scolecitrichidae,with the exception of the genus Omorius. This genus and Archeoscolecithrix retain sclerotized setae on the praecioxal endites of Mxp ; all other genera share a brush-like seta on the distal praecoxal endite. A worm-like seta on the middle praecoxal endite, pre-sumably homologous to that of first lineage, separates Parascaphocalanus, Scolecithrix, Scolecitrichopsis, Scaphocalanus, Scolecithricella, Scottocalanus, Macandrewella, Pseudoamallothrix from Amallothrix, Scopalatum, Mixtocalanus, Racovitzanus, Lophothrix.
The ancestral group and both derived lineages have genera without transformed setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp : Grievella with 1, 2, 3 sclerotized setae ; Phaennocalanus with 1, 2, 2 sclerotized setae ; Archeoscolecithrix, and Omorius with 1, 2, 1 sclerotized seta.
In the ancestral group Grievella, Xantharus, Tharybis, Landrumius, Falsilandrumius, Neoscolecithrix retain the primitive state of 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. In the first derived lineage some species of Brachycalanus retain 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. No genus in the second derived lineage retains 9 setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2.
5 worm-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2 are retained by Brodskius, Byrathis, Neoscolecithrix in the ancestral group, 6 worm-like setae by Rythabis in the first derived lineage and 5 by Omorius in the second derived lineage.
Most genera of the first derived lineage are without setae on the three segments of the long segment complex of the exopod of A2, while most genera of the second derived lineage retain the seta on the distal segment of the three segments of the long segment complex.
Loss of the seta on the proximal praecoxal endite of Mxp of Brodskius and Undinella is unique to the lineages with 3 or 2 setae, respectively, on the distal praecoxal endite. This loss is assumed to have been independently derived.
Due to the paucity of characters, the above hypothesized relationships (Fig. 31) results in undefined lineages and unresolved groups of genera. However ithe aothors’ hypothesis about relationships is correct, then different pelagic or benthopelagic ancestors to the genera comprising both families Phaennidae and Scolecitrichidae suggest these pelagic families are not their onwn closest relatives.
A less derived benthopelagic genus is hypothesized for each family : Omorius for genera in the Scolecitrichidae ; an early species of the ancestral group for genera in the Phaennidae (Fig. 31). This inference suggests that the invasion of the pelagic realm by ‘bradfordian’ copepods has occurred more than once after the colonization of benthopelagic habitats by a tharybid-lke ‘bradfordian’ ancestor (Bradford-Grieve, 2004).
The results of this analysis are considered preliminary because assumptions about the transformations of character states and the order of transformation of different characters have yet to be applied to many ‘bradfordian’ genera.
Assignment to families of the three genera remains tentative. Byrathis belongs to lineage, with Diaixis, Xantharus, Falsilandrumius, Landrumius, Neoscolecithrix, Cenognatha in which 1 of 3 setae on the distal praecoxal endite of Mxp has been transformed to a sensory seta ; Diaixidae is avalable for this lineage.
Brodskius belongs to a lineage with Grievella, Tharybis in which setae on the two proximal segments of the exopod of A2 fail to form ; Tharybidae is avalable for this lineage.
Omorius may be placed in the family Scolecitrichidae as diagnosed with 1, 2, 1 setae on the praecoxal endites of Mxp.
Among ‘bradfordian’ species and genera, parallel transformations of apparently homologous Mxp syncoxal sclerotized setae into poorly-sclerotized setae provide examples of Vavilov’Law (1920) that related species may express a similar variation in derived homologous structures (see Vanilov, 1966).
If the number of setae on each of 3 praecoxal endites of Mxp determines early branching, a modest number of convergences results for stattes of the exopod of A2, and a large number of convergences results for the number of woem-like plus brush-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2. The convergences in states of the exopod of A2 usually results from presence/absence of the arthropodial membrane between the long segment and the proximal of 4 small segments.
Careful observations of segmentation and setation of the exiopod may reduce the number of these convergences. The same cannot be said for the number of worm-like plus brush-like setae on the distal basal endite plus ramus of Mx2 because determining homologies of these individual setae seems beyond the limits of optical microscopoy.
Detailed descriptions of Mandible, maxilla 1 and swimming leg 1 hold promise as informative states of ‘bradfordian’ genera. Knob or bumps on the distal and posterior faces of Md, and differences in numbers of setae or presence/absence of arthrodial membranes on Mx1 have proven useful in diagnosing genera. Von Vaupel Klein’s organ on P1 also may help resolve relationships among ’bradfordian’ genera. This organ, synapomorphy of gymnoplean copepods, is a transformation of the medial seta of the basis and the anterior face of the proximal endopodal segment which bears one medial seta.

Issued from : S. Laakmann, E.L. Markhaseva & J. Renz in Mol. Phylog. Evol., 2019, 130. [p.331, Table 1].
Compilation of information on relationships among ''Bradfordian'' genera from Markhaseva & Ferrari 2005) and Markhaseva & al. (2014).
Abbreviations: A2, antenna; Md, mandible; Mx1, maxillule; Mx2, maxilla; Mxp, maxilliped ; P5, leg 5. w, worm-like sensory seta; b, brush-like sensory seta; s, sclerotized seta.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.306, Fig.7]
Vertical distribution and abundance of scolecitrichid copepods in Sagami bay (Japan) at 35°00' N, 139°20' E (depth 1450 m).
MTD-net (Motoda, 1971) towed horizontally at 14 layers (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 m during the day and night, on 9-14 May 2000.
See fig. 2 vertical profiles of temperature and salinity; fig. 9 relative abundance of species in groups-migratory function in the water column 0-1000 m; fig. 3: vertical profiles of abundance and species diversity and fig.6: abundance and diversity of three dominant genera.

Nota: The author's observations, in addition to the available circumstantial information on morpholohy and food habits, suggest a scenario that the highly diverse scolecitrichid assemblage in Sagami Bay may be structured, through partitioning of vertical habitats and food ressources ( a size factor of 1.5 reflects partitioning of food by size after Von Vaupel Klein, 1998).

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.301, Fig.2]
Vertical profiles of temperature (T) and salinity (S) in Sagami Bay (Japan), in a cruise on 9-14 May 2000.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.308, Fig.9]
Relative abundance of scolecitrichid species in the water column 0-1000 m.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.302, Fig.3]
Vertical profiles of : A, abundance; abd B, species number of scolecitrichid copepods in Sagami Bay on 9-14 May 2000.

Nota: The abundance of scolecithrids, i;e the family as a whole, showed a marked diel pattern, with the major population occurring at 200-400 m and 0-200 m, respectively, at daytime and at night..
In contrast, the number of species showed a similar pattern between day and night, with an abrupt increase from th surface to 100-200 m, followed by a gradual increase with depth to the maximal values at 500-900 m, which was similar to the expected species number normalized for a sample size of 75 individuals [ES], except that the latter lacks near-surface values owing to the extremely low number of sampled specimens (see Fig.4A). The Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (see Fig.4B) also increased with depth, with maximal values at 800 m (day) and 900 m (night) with a trend of increase in shallower depths at night.
Pielou's index of eveness was lower at 300-700 m during the day than at night (see Fig.4C).

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.304, Fig.6]
Abundance and diversity of three dominant genera in scolecitrichid copepods (Scolecithricella, Scaphocalanus, Amallothrix) in Sagami Bay on 9-14 May 2000.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.312, Fig. 10 D]
Vertical distribution, mean body length of females and abundance of genera Scolecitrichidae, others than Scolecithricella (see fig.10 A), Amallothrix (see fig.10 B) and Scaphocalanus (see fig.10 C) collected in Sagami Bay, Japan (9-14 May 2000).
The width of the box denotes the density of 50% of population between 25% and 75% distributional depth.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.298, 301]
Measurement of species richness, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Morisita-Horn index of similarity.

Issued from : M. Kuriyama & S. Nishida in Crustaceana, 2006, 79 (3). [p.303, Figs. 4, 5]
Vertical profiles (Fig.4) of: A, expected species number; B, Shannon-wiener diversity index (H'); C, Pielou's index of eveness (J'), of scolecitrichrid copepods in Sagami Bay on 9-14 May 2000.

Nota: The cluster analysis based on the Morisita-Horn similarity index (Fig.5) showed 2 distinct groups of assemblages, each comprising the samples from 700-1000 m and from 50-600 m, except for the 0 m (day and night) and 50 m (day) samples, which were distinct from all other samples at the similarity level of <0.2.
Deep-mesopelagic samples (700-1000 m) exhibited high similarity indices both day and night. In the upper 600 m, the 400-600 m layers were similar during the day, while the 400 m layer came close to the upper layer at night.