Scaphocalanus major - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Scaphocalanus major T. Scott, 1894 (F,M1)

Taxonomy

Order Calanoida

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Superfamily Clausocalanoidea

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Family Scolecitrichidae

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Genus Scaphocalanus

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Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

Scolecithrix major T. Scott, 1894 b (p.52, Descr.F, figs.F); Sewell, 1948 (p.523); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.47, Rem.F);
Scolecithrix ( Amallophora ) dubia var. similis T. Scott, 1894 b (p.56); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.46, Rem.M); Vervoort, 1965 (p.64, Rem.); Sewell, 1948 (p.523, 564);
Scolecithrix similis : Esterly, 1905 (p.170, figs.M); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, comm. pers.);
Scaphocalanus similis : Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.257, figs.M);
Scolecithricella similis : Sewell, 1948 (p.516, 517, 557, 569);
? Amallophora media Sars, 1907 a (p.16);
? Scolecithrix gracilipes Farran, 1908 b (p.52, figs.F, Rem.);
? Scaphocalanus medius : Sars, 1925 (p.173, figs.F); Rose, 1933 a (p.149, figs.F); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.328); Brodsky, 1950 (1967) (p.251, figs.F,M); Vaupel Klein, 1970 (p.19); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (tab.2); Vives, 1982 (p.292); non S. major : Park, 1970 (p.476, 503, figs.F)

References

List of the studied authors

A. Scott, 1909 (p.97, Rem.F); Sewell, 1948 (p.516, 546, 550); Vervoort, 1957 (p.110, Rem.); ? Tanaka, 1961 a (p.166, figs.F,M, Rem.); Vervoort, 1965 (p.63, Rem.); Minoda, 1971 (p.28); Bradford, 1973 (p.143); Park, 1982 (p.77, 108, figs.F, Rem.); Gardner & Szabo, 1982 (p.290, figs.F,M); Bradford & al., 1983 (p.93, 101, figs.F,M, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.189, fig.M); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.772, figs.F,M, Rem.); Park & Ferrari, 2009 (p.143, Table 4, Appendix 1, biogeography from Southern Ocean)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from T. Park in Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI, Antarct. Res. Ser, 1982, 34. [p.109, Fig.20].
Female: a, forehead; b, genital segment (lateral left side); c, last thoracic segment and urosome (lateral left side); d, Md; e, Mx1; f, distal part of Mx2; g, Mxp; h, P1 (anterior); i, P2 (posterior); j, P5 (posterior); k, distal part of inner spine of P5.

Nota: Urosome about 37/100 length of prosome. All cephalosomal appendages similar to those of S. farrani

Species Scaphocalanus major - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 Issued from : J.M. Bradford, L. Haakonssen & J.B. Jillett in Mem. N.Z. oceanogr. Inst., 1983, 90. [p.102, Fig.60].
Female: A, habitus (lateral right side); B, endopod of P2; C, P5.
Nota: The posterior matasomal corners of the Southwest Pacific are pointed not previously recorded by Tanaka (1961, 1982). The shape of the posterior metasome may be variable as it is more or less acutaly pointed according to the specimens of different stations. There seems to be some variation in the relative lengths of spines of P5, and the outer spine may be completely absent.

Male: D, exopod 1 of P2; E, P5.

Species Scaphocalanus major - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : C.O. Esterly in Univ. Calif. Publs Zool., 1905, 2 (4). [p.170, Fig.31]. As Scolecithrix similis.
Male (from San Diego Region): a, habitus (lateral); b, P5.

Nota: Right A1 18-segmented, left 23-segmented. Last two thoracic segments fused. Genital segment short, 2nd long, twice the length of the 3rd, which is shorter than the 4th.

Species Scaphocalanus major - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 issued from : G.P. Farran in Fish. Ire. Sci. Invest., 1906, II [1908]. [Pl. VI, Figs.1-4]. As Scolecithrix gracilipes.
Female (from W Ireland): 1, habitus (lateral); 2, P1; 3, P5; 4, P5 (abnormal).

Species Scaphocalanus major - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in The Ray Society, 2004, 166 [p.189, Fig.45, E]. After Vyshkvartzeva, 1989 b.
Male: E, P5.

Species Scaphocalanus major - Plate 6 of morphological figures

Plate 6 issued from : O. Tanaka in Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 1961, IX (1). [p.167, Fig.116].
Female (from Japan: Izu Region): a, last thoracic segment and genital segment (lateral, left side); b, P2; d', 1st segment of exopod of P2 (enlarged); c, P3; d-f, P5 (different specimens).
Nota : Cephalothorax and abdomen 76 : 24.
Last thoracic segment obtusely triangular on the posterior distal corner, but not pointed at the apex.
Urosome 4-segmented ; urosomal segments and caudal rami in proportional lengths 42 : 25 : 23 : 9 : 21 = 100.
The ventral margin distal to the genital opening furnished with hairs ; the genital, 2nd and 3rd segments fringed with fine teeth on the distal margin.
Caudal rami about 2 times as long as wide.
1st segment of A1 furnished Endopod of A2 about 1.2 times as long as exopod.
Terminal spine of exopod of P2 with about 30 serrations..
Terminal spine of exopod of P3 with about 26 serrations
P5 2-segmented ; distal segment with 3 spines, the inner marginal spine about 2 times as long as the terminal one, and rather finely serrated on the outer border, the outer marginal spine is short, about ¼ the length of the terminal spine, and arises distal to the line of origin of the inner marginal spine.

Male: g, forehead (lateral); h, exopod of P2 (part.); i, P5.
Nota : Cephalothorax and urosome in proportional lengths 65 : 35.
Lateral margins of the head constricted much in front ; the frontal margin of the head obliquely rounded in lateral view.
Th5 and Th4 separate (clearly seen from the side).
Urosme 5-segmented ; urosomal segments and caudal rami in proportional lengths 9 :35 :23 :23 :1 :9 = 100.
Caudal rami about 1.4 times as long as wide (15 :11).
A1 19-segmented ( segments8 to 12 fused, 13-14 fused, 20-21 fused, and 24-25 fused).
Terminal spine of exopod of P2 with about 40 serrations.
P5 reaches back about to the distal end of the 2nd urosomal segment ; endopod of the left leg 2-segmented, and slightly inflated proximally.

Plate 7 issued from : O. Tzanaka in Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 1961, IX (1). [p.168].
Male: Proportional lengths of the segments od A1.

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Grice & Hulsemann, 1965 (p.224); 1967 (p.16); Furuhashi, 1966 a (p.295, vertical distribution in Oyashio/Kuroshio transitional area, Table 8, 9); Roe, 1972 (p.277, tabl.1, tabl.2); 1972 b (p.532, Rem.); Harding, 1974 (p.141, tab.2, gut contents); Pipe & Coombs, 1980 (p.223, vertical occurrence); Vives, 1982 (p.292); Gowing & Wishner, 1986 (p.939, tab.3, gut contents); Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.59); Gowing & Wishner, 1992 (tab.1); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.73); Razouls & al., 2000 (p.343, Appendix); Holmes, 2001 (p.59); Kuriyama & Nishida, 2006 (p.300: Tab;II; p.309: Tab.III, fig.7, 10, vertical distribution); Galbraith, 2009 (pers. comm.); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, pers. comm.); Sano & al., 2013 (p.11, Table 9, food habits).

Distribution

NZ: 13

Distribution map of Scaphocalanus major by geographical zones

Distribution map of Scaphocalanus major for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Scaphocalanus major for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Distribution map of Scaphocalanus major for the Zone Antarctic and for the Zone Sub-Antarctic

Additional Maps & Charts

Species Scaphocalanus major - Distribution map 5

Map 5 Chart of 1996

Localisations

Geographical glossary

Antarct. (Indian, SE Pacif.), sub-Antarct. (Indian, SW & SE Pacif.), G. of Guinea, G. of Mexico, off Bermuda, off E Cape Cod, Canary Is., off W Ireland, Wyville Thomson Ridge, SW Indian, Indonesia-Malaysia, China Seas (South China Sea), Japan, Pacif. (NW & NE), British Columbia (rare), California, off W Mexico, New Zealand

Quotations

N: 25

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(5) F: 2,9; (9) F: 2,7-2,2; M: 2,2-1,8; (16) F: 2,6-2,4; M: 2,4; (47) F: 3; (76) F: 3,16-2,8; (108) F: 2,66; M: 2,76-2,55; (142) M: 2,6; ? (199) F: 2,66-2,28; M: 2,74-2,13; ? (208) F: 2,55-1,9; M: 2,8-2,6; (1000) F: 2,5 ± 0,2; M: 3,2 ± 0,1; {F: 1,90-3,16; M: 1,80-3,30}

Remarks

Meso-Bathypelagic.
Sampling depth (Antarct., sub-Antarct.) : 0-1000-3000 m. In a vertical tow 2000-1000 m (Harding, 1974).
Distributional range (m) from Roe (1972) Day: 600-950, Night: 580-960; from Grice & Hulsemann (1965): 1000-2000 (in Kuriyama & Nishida, 2006).
This species is very similar to S. brevicornis.
The species presents a certain variability.
Park (1982) suggests, based on the dimensions, certain synonymies between S. major and S. medius. Under these conditions the geographical distribution of these two species remains unclear, if they are not synonyms, as estimates Bradford.
The body size female and male are in favor of this species and non S. mediusin Brodsky (1967, p.252): female = 3.1 mm and male = 2.7 mm, but the sizes are not a sufficient criterion.

Last update : 19/01/2021

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