Gaetanus miles - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Gaetanus miles Giesbrecht, 1888 (F,M)

Taxonomy

Order Calanoida

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Superfamily Clausocalanoidea

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Family Aetideidae

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Genus Gaetanus

details list species for this Genus

Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

no Gaetanus secundus Esterly, 1911 (p.317, figs.F); Sewell, 1948 (p.556, 562);
no G. ferox With, 1915 (p.111, figs.M); Sewell, 1948 (p.499);
no Gaetanus miles : Park, 1975 a (p.19, figs.F,M);
G. ferox : ? Vives, 1982 (p.291)

References

List of the studied authors

Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.219, 224, 772, Descr.F, figs.F); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.32, Rem. F); Farran, 1908 b (p.36); A. Scott, 1909 (p.44, figs.F, Rem.); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.231); With, 1915 (p.107, figs.F); Sars, 1925 (p.54, fig.F); Farran, 1926 (p.251, Rem.); Sewell, 1929 (p.102); Rose, 1929 (p.18); Wilson, 1932 a (p.51, figs.F); Rose, 1933 a (p.figs.F); Jespersen, 1934 (p.61); Farran, 1936 a (p.89, Rem. juv); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.16); Sewell, 1947 (p.57, 58); Brodsky , 1950 (1967) (p.169, fig.F); Vervoort, 1952 e (n°46, p.3, fig.F); Tanaka, 1957 b (p.174, figs.F); Fagetti, 1962 (p.18); Grice, 1962 (p.192, figs.F, juv.M); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.45, fig.F); ? Tanaka & Omori, 1970 (p.139); Vervoort, 1963 b (p.130, Rem.); Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.79, 91, 277); Bradford & Jillett, 1980 (p.48, 51, figs.F,M, distribution chart); Gardner & Szabo,1982 (p.228, figs.F, M); Vaupel Klein, 1984 a (p.55, figs.F, Table II: characters); Markhaseva, 1996 (p.204, figs.F,M); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.687, Pl.42,44: F,M); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.879, 922, figs.F,M); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.591, figs.F,M, Rem.)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from : E.L. Markhaseva in Proc. Zool. Inst. RAN, St. Petersburg, 1996, 268. [p.205, Fig.161].
Female (from Pacif.: off SE Hawaii). CP4: coxopod of P4 (partial); Ce: forehead (dorsal and lateral, respectively).

Nota:
- Frontal spine less long than in G. pileatus and G. secundus and slightly curved to rostrum.
- A1 twice longer than body.
- Mxp protopodite with lateral plate, usually strongly cut, its shale variable.
- Exopod of P1 indistinctly 3-segmented, with 2 external spines.
- Md palp base with 1? seta; endopodal segment 1 with 1 seta; segment 2 with 9 terminal setae.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 issued from : E.L. Markhaseva in Proc. Zool. Inst. RAN, St. Petersburg, 1996, 268. [p.206, Fig.162].
Male (from Pacif.: off SE Hawaii). Ce: forehead (lateral); Re: exopod; P;md: mandibular palp.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : J.M. Bradford & J.B. Jillett in Mem. N.Z. Oceanogr. Inst., 86, 1980. [p.53, Fig.34].
Female: A, habitus (dorsal); B, idem (lateral rught side); C, basipod 1 of Mxp; D, exopod of P1; E, inner border of basipod 1 of P4.

Male: F, habitus (lateral left side); G, forehead (lateral left side); H, posterior metasome (lateral left side); I, P5.
Nota: The south-west Pacific specimen has a shorter A1 than in With's (1915) description.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 Issued from: G.O. Sars in Résult. Camp. Scient. Prince Albert I, 69, pls.1-127 (1924). [Pl.XVII, fig.1].
Female: 1, habitus (lateral left side).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : A. Scott in Siboga-Expedition, 1909, XIX a. [Plate VIII, FigS.1-8].
Female (from Indonesia-Malaysia): 1, habitus (dorsal); 2, forehead (lateral); 3, last thoracic and genital segments (left side); 4, rostrum; 5, Mxp; 6, P1; 7, P2; 8, P4 (basal portion only).
Nota: Rostrum slightly bifidat the apex. The lamella on the basal segment of Mxp, has a bluntly rounded apex, and a very slight excavation. The 'Siboga' specimens appear to differ slightly from Giesbrecht's type, in their larger size, and in possessing 12 instead 6 spines on the inner margin of the 1st basal segment of P4.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 6 of morphological figures

Plate 6 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.76, Fig.14, f, k].
Female: f, accessory seta of endopod 4th segment of Mxp (left appendage from lateral) (note: the seta is long as in Undeuchaeta incisa (see p.76, fig.14d) but much more slender, and sparsely plumose); k, arrangement of spinules on the lateral tubercle of endopodite of P1 (left appendage, anterior face) (note: a single row of subequal spinules present, but this one follows the distal circumference of the tubercle).
Scale bar 0.1 mm for f; 0.067 for k.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 7 of morphological figures

Plate 7 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.84, Fig.18, f].
Female: f, number and structure of spines among the lateral margin of exopodal segments 1, 2 and 3 of P1 (right appendage, posteriotr face drawn from anterior; marginal hairs on exopodal segments 2 and 3 omitted) (note: the endopodal segment 1 spine is lacking, the remaining two spines are of unequal length, and both multiserrate).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 8 of morphological figures

Plate 8 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf. 14, Figs.21, 24 ].
Female: 21, Mx1; 24, Mxp (anterior view; setae on endopod omitted).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 9 of morphological figures

Plate 9 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf. 14 , Figs.25, 27, 30 ].
Female: 25, P1; 27, exopod 3 of P4 (posterior view); 30, basipod 1 of P4.

Plate 10 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf. 36 , Figs.1, 3].
Female: 1, habitus (dorsal); 3, forehead (lateral).

Plate 11 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.82, Fig.17, e, f, h].
Female: e, rostrum (anterior view; showing minutely bifid apex); f, frontal region with cephalic spine (lateral view); h, basipodal segment 1 of left Mxp, showing hyaline lappet (lateral aspect).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 12 of morphological figures

Plate 12 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.80, Fig.16, o].
Female: o, arrangement of medial spines on the posterior face of basal segment 1 of right P4 .
Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Nota: 12 flattened laterally decreasing spines inserting individually.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 13 of morphological figures

Plate 13 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.76, Fig.14, k].
Female: k, arrangement of spinules on the lateral tubercle of endopod of left P1 (anterior face).
Scale bar: 0.067 mm.
Nota: A single row of subequal spinules, but this one follows the distal circumference of the tubercle (see the same stucture in Euchirella similis)

Plate 14 Gaetanus miles female:
1 - Anterior part of cephalon with frontal spine.
2 - Exopodal segment 1 of A2 without seta; exopodal segment 2 with 1 seta (distal margin). 2nd internal lobe of Mx1 with 4 setae. Exopod of P1 with 2 external spines.
3 - Mxp protopodite with lateral plate.
4 - Exopodal segment 2 of A2 with 1 seta (on distal margin).
5 - Spines of last thoracic segment exceeding at least the midlength of genital segment. Frontal spine large.
6 - Frontal spine curved to rostrum by its top.

Plate 15 Gaetanus miles male:
1 - Cephalon without frontal spine.
2 - Cephalon without crest in anterior part.
3 - Exopodal segment 3 of left P5 stylet-like. Body size < 5 mm.
4 - Posterior corners of last thoracic segment without spines.

Plate 16 issued from : Tanaka O. in Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 1957, 6 (2). [p.174].
Female A1: proportional lengths of segments.
- A1 23-segmented; about 2.6 times as long as total length of body, distal 10 segments exceeds end of caudal rami.
- According to Giesbrecht, segments 8-9, 13 and 24-25 are of equal lengths, but in the present specimen they agree with the decription given by With: segment 13 is 1.1 times as long as segments 8-9, and 1.2 times as long as segments 24-25.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 17 of morphological figures

Plate 17 issued from : Tanaka O. in Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab., 1957, 6 (2). [p.173, Fig.42, h-l].
Female (from Sagami): h, habitus (dorsal); i, forehead (lateral); j, exopodite of P1; k, inner margin of coxa of P4; l, last thoracic segment and genital segment (lateral).

Nota Female:
- Cephalic spine long.
Rostrum short.
- Cephalothorax about 4.6 times the abdomen length ( 3.25 : 0.71).
- Last thoracic segment with lateral spines divergent, and extend beyond the middle of genital segment.
- Abdomen 4-segmented; segments and caudal rami proportional lengths 41 : 15 : 13 : 13 : 18 = 100.
- Genital segment wider than long.
- Caudal rami as long as wide.
- A1 23-segmented.
- A2 exopod 1.2 times as long as endopod.
- Mx1 with 7+2 setae on the outer lobe; endopod with 11 setae; 2nd inner lobe with 4 setae; 3rd inner lobe with 4 setae and a small conical process.
- Mxp2nd basal segment 1.4 times as long zs the 1st which is furnished with rounded lamellous process on posterior margin.
- P1 outer edge spine of 2nd segment of exopodite reaches ammost the distal end of 3rd exopodal segment.- P2 endopod distinctly 2-segmented.
- Coxa of P4 with knife-shaped spines on inner margin; the number of the spines is variable, according to Giesbrecht: 6; A. Scott: 12; With: 15.
- Terminal spine of exopod of P2 to P4 with 15, 17 and 16 teeth respectively.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 18 of morphological figures

Plate 18 issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.68, Fig.8, c].
Gaetanus miles: Structure and setal armature of basipode 2 of Md (right appendage medial). A single, feebly developed seta.

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 19 of morphological figures

Plate 19 Issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, Supplt 9, Studies on Copepoda, III, 1984. [p.70, Fig.10, g].
Gaetanus miles: Setal armature on proximo-distal corner of basis (Ba2), adjacent to the endopod (Ri) of Mx1 (left appendage in postrior view; secondary structures on large setae are not shown, and neither are the hairs on the basis proper). 5 setae, a single long and stout one inserting to the anterior side of the edge, and 4 moderately long but very slender, feebly developed, plumose setae (plumosity shown on one slender seta only).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 20 of morphological figures

Plate 20 Issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, (Supplement) 9, 1984. [p.93, Table II ].
Gaetanus miles Female: Datamatrix stating observed states of characters from Table I (p.87-90) presently examined; nos. refer to the input nos. used in Table I (see to the family Aetideidae).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 21 of morphological figures

Plate 21 Issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, (Supplement) 9, 1984. [p.94, Table II (cont' d) ].
Gaetanus miles Female: Datamatrix stating observed states of characters from Table I (p.87-90) presently examined; nos. refer to the input nos. used in Table I (see to the family Aetideidae).

Species Gaetanus miles - Plate 22 of morphological figures

Plate 22 Issued from : J.C. von Vaupel Klein in Crustaceana, (Supplement) 9, 1984. [p.95, Table II (cont' d) ].
Gaetanus miles Female: Datamatrix stating observed states of characters from Table I (p.87-90) presently examined; nos. refer to the input nos. used in Table I (see to the family Aetideidae).

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Cleve, 1904 a (p.191); Pearson, 1906 (p.14); Wilson, 1942 a (p.187); Oliveira, 1945 (p.191); Sewell, 1948 (p.329, 500, 519, 520, 529, 539, 545, 556, 566); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.232); Wickstead, 1962 (p.549, food & feeding); Grice, 1963 a (p.495); De Decker & Mombeck, 1964 (p.12); Furuhashi, 1966 a (p.295, vertical distribution in Oyashio/Kuroshio transitional area, Table 7); Fleminger, 1967 a (tabl.1); Grice & Hulsemann, 1968 (tab.2); Morris, 1970 (p.2300); Timonin, 1971 (p.281, trophic group); Deevey, 1971 (p.224); Roe, 1972 (p.277, tabl.1, tabl.2); 1972 a (p.338); Heinrich, 1973 (p.95); Björnberg, 1973 (p.324, 386); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.256, tab.2, Station "S"); Carter, 1977 (1978) (p.35); Vives, 1982 (p.291); Brenning, 1983 (p.3, Rem.); Guangshan & Honglin, 1984 (p.118, tab.); Brenning, 1985 a (p.28, Table 2); Madhupratap & Haridas, 1986 (p.105, tab.1); Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 a (tab.1); Cervantes-Duarte & Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 (tab.3); Heinrich, 1990 (p.17); Madhupratap & Haridas, 1990 (p.305, fig.5: vertical distribution night/day; fig.7: cluster); Suarez & Gasca, 1991 (tab.2); Suarez, 1992 (App.1); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.67); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p108); Lopez-Salgado & al., 2000 (tab.1); Fernandez-Alamo & al., 2000 (p.1139, Appendix); Holmes, 2001 (p.49); Sameoto & al., 2002 (p.12); Hwang & al., 2007 (p.23); Morales-Ramirez & Suarez-Morales, 2008 (p.517); Fernandes, 2008 (p.465, Tabl.2); Gaard & al., 2008 (p.59, Table 1, N Mid-Atlantic Ridge); Galbraith, 2009 (pers. comm.); Williamson & McGowan, 2010 (p.273, Table 3, Pacific central gyres: N and S); Hidalgo & al., 2010 (p.2089, Table 2); Pillai H.U.K. & al., 2011 (p.239, Table 3, vertical distribution); Andersen N.G. & al., 2011 (p.71, Fig.3: abundance); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, comm. pers.); Williams R., 2013 (p.71, figs., Table 3.7, C & N composition, trophic level); Bonecker & a., 2014 (p.445, Table II: frequency, horizontal & vertical distributions); Bode & al., 2015 (p.268, Table 1, chemical components, trophic level, geographic zone);

Distribution

NZ: 19

Distribution map of Gaetanus miles by geographical zones

List species for the subzone North Sea of the Zone 9

Distribution map of Gaetanus miles for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Gaetanus miles for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Additional Maps & Charts

Species Gaetanus miles - Distribution map 4

Map 4 Issued from : J.M. Bradford & J.B. Jillett in New Zealand Ocean. Inst. Memoir, 86, 1980. [p.87, Figs.63].
Distribution of several species of Gaetanus in the Tasman Sea and around New Zealand.

Map 5 Issued from : M. Madhupratap & P. Haridas in J. Plankton Res., 12 (2). [p.312, Fig.5].
Vertical distribution of calanoid copepod (mean +1 SE), abundance No/100 m³. 39- Gaetanus miles.
Night: shaded, day: unshaded.
Samples collected from 6 stations located off Cochin (India), SE Arabian Sea, November 1983, with a Multiple Closing Plankton Net (mesh aperture 300 µm), in vertical hauls at 4 depth intervalls (0-200, 200-400, 400-600, 600-1000 m).

Localisations

Geographical glossary

South Africa (E), off E Tristan da Cunha, off Trinidade Is., Cape Verde Is., off Morocco-Mauritania, Canary Is., off W Canary Is., off Madeira, Azores, Brazil, off Rio de Janeiro, off Amazon, off Guyana, Barbada Is., G. of Mexico, Florida, Sargasso Sea, off Bermuda: Station "S" (32°10'N, 64°30'W), G. of Maine, off Woods Hole, off Nova Scotia E, Ireland (W & S), Bay of Baffin, S Iceland, Faroe, Arctic, North Sea, Bay of Biscay , Arabian Sea, Laccadive Is., Maldive Is., Natal, Indian, off Sri Lanka (E & SW), Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea (Batten Island); Indonesia-Malaysia, Philippines, China Seas (East China Sea, South China Sea), Taiwan (S), Japan (Izu), Bering Sea, Vancouver Is., Pacif. (tropical), Pacif. (central subtropical N), Pacif. (W equatorial), Pacific (central gyres: N and S), New Zealand, Australia ( Great Barrier), California, W Baja California, G. of Tehuantepec, Costa Rica Dome, W Costa Rica, off Galapagos, off Peru, Pacif. (SE tropical), off Juan Fernandez Is., Chile (N-S).

Type locality: Pacific ( NE part).

Quotations

N: 84

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(1) F: 3,9; (5) F: 4,3; (7) F: 4,21; (10) F: 3; (31) F: 3,8-3,4; M: 3; (38) F: 4,25; (45) F: 4,3-3; (46) F: 3,5; (56) F: 3,96; (101) F: 3,52-3,4; (113) F: 4,4-4,2; (199) F: 4,18-3,72; (201) F: 4,7-3,8; M: 3,4; (866) M: 3,4-3,55; (1257) F: 3,7-4,1; {F: 3,00-4,70; M: 3,00-3,55}

Remarks

epi-mesopelagic-?. Sargasso Sea: 0-1000 m (Deevey & Brooks, 1977, station "S"); 252-512 m at Station H 12 (off E Japan: 40°N, 152°E).
Since confusion is possible with Gaetanus secundus certain geographical locality records are less reliable.
Timonin (1971, p.282) considers the trophic interrelations in the equatorial and tropical Indian Ocean, and divides the plankters into 6 trophic groups from the litterature and the results of studies of mouth-parts structure and intestine content. This species is omnivorous.

Last update : 22/02/2021

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