Sapphirina metallina - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Sapphirina metallina Dana, 1849 (F,M)

Taxonomy

Order Cyclopoida

details

Family Sapphirinidae

details

Genus Sapphirina

details list species for this Genus

Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

Saphirina metallina : Brady, 1883 (p.128, figs.F,M); T. Scott, 1894 b (p.125, fig.M)

References

List of the studied authors

Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.620, 644, 775, figs.M); Thompson & Scott, 1903 (p.240); A. Scott, 1909 (p.255, Rem.); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.360); Pesta, 1920 (p.640, fig.M); Farran, 1929 (p.210, 290); Lehnhofer, 1929 (p.284, Rem., figs.F,M); Rose, 1929 (p.61); 1933 a (p.311, figs.F,M); Farran, 1936 a (p.129); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.124, figs.F); Wilson, 1942 a (p.206, fig.M); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.43); Sewell, 1947 (p.266); Moore, 1949 (p.64); Pucher, 1952 (p.102); Krishnaswamy, 1953 (p.73, Rem.M); Chiba, 1956 (p.10, figs.F); Chiba & al., 1957 (p.310); 1957 a (p.12); Marques, 1958 a (p.137, figs.M); Fagetti, 1962 (p.47); Crisafi & Mazza, 1966 (p.611, figs.F,M, Rem.); Saraswathy, 1966 (1967) (p.103); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.116, figs.F,M); Vilela, 1968 (p.34, figs.F); Ramirez, 1969 (p.95, figs.M, Rem.); Corral Estrada, 1970 (p.229); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.607, 671, figs.M); Zheng & al., 1982 (p.116, figs.F,M); Baessa de Aguiar, 1986 (1989) (p.62, figs.F,M); Chae & Nishida, 1994 (p.205, 208, fig.M, integumental structure, pattern color); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.990, Pl.226: F,M); Boxshall, 1998 (p.230); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.887, 972, figs.F,M); Conway & al., 2003 (p.238, figs.F,M, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.655); Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.378, figs.F,M, Rem.); Gur & al., 2015 (p.8408, cuticular structure vs reflectance, figs.1, 2, 3); Gur & al., 2016 (p.1393, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6,color change vs physical mechanism)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from : F.C. Ramirez in Contr. Inst. Biol. mar., Buenos Aires, 1969, 98. [p.94, Lam. XIX, figs. 159, 163].
Male (from off Mar del Plata): 159, habitus (dorsal); 163, A2.
Scale bars in mm: 0.6 (159); 0.3 (163).

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 issued from : P. Crisafi & J. Mazza in Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 1966, XII (3/4). [p.612, Fig.32].
Male (from Strait of Messina): habitus (dorsal).

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : P. Crisafi & J. Mazza in Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 1966, XII (3/4). [p.612, Fig.33].
Female: A, habitus (dorsal); B, A2.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 issued from : Z. Zheng, S. Li, S.J. Li & B. Chen in Marine planktonic copepods in Chinese waters. Shanghai Sc. Techn. Press, 1982 [p.116, Fig.71].
Female: a, habitus (dorsal); b, caudal rami (dorsal); c, A2; d, P2; e, endopodal segment 3 of P2; f, P4.

Male: g, habitus (dorsal); h, caudal rami (dorsal); i, A2; j, P2; k, endopodal segment 3 of P2; l, P4.

Scale bars in mm.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : J. Chae & S. Nishida in Mar. Biol., 1994 (119). [p.208, Table 2, C).
Specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light.

Nota: Color observed with reflected (R )and transmitted light (T): Metallic gold or silver, strong reflexion, rapidly changing (R); Gold at pigment sites, broad spectrum, red, yellow, blue, magenta and violet where cuticles overlap (T).

Plate 6 issued from : J. Chae & S. Nishida in Mar. Biol., 1994 (119). [p.208, Table 2, E-H).
Specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light. E-H, the same individual as in (C), showing color change due to the specimen's slight movement.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 7 of morphological figures

Plate 7 issued from : T. Mori in The Pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of Japan, 1937 (1964). [Pl. 67, Figs.14-18].
Female: 14, A2; 15, P2; 16, habitus (dorsal); 17, P4; 18, P1.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 8 of morphological figures

Plate 8 issued from : C. Lehnhofer in Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. ''Valdivia'', 1929, 22 (5). [p.285, Fig.18].
Female: 3, A2.

Male: 1, caudal ramus (dorsal); 2, A1.
hy = hyaline margin.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 9 of morphological figures

Plate 9 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.52].
Male: 52, habirus (dorsal).

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 10 of morphological figures

Plate 10 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.48].
Male: 48, Abdomen (dorsal).

Plate 11 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.47].
Male: 47, A1.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 12 of morphological figures

Plate 12 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Figs.49, 50, 51].
Male: 49, P1 (endopod); 50, P4; 51, P3 (endopod).

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 13 of morphological figures

Plate 13 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Figs.53, 54 , 55].
Male: 53, Mx1; 54, Mxp; 55, A2.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 14 of morphological figures

Plate 14 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.56].
Male: 56, P2 (endopod).

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 15 of morphological figures

Plate 15 issued from : P.E. Lapernat & C. Razouls in Vie Milieu, 2002, 52 (1). [p.27, Pl. V, fig.2].
Female (from off Malta, Mediterranean Sea): 2, Md.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 16 of morphological figures

Plate 16 Issued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, M. Pierantoni, V. Farstey, D. Oron, S. Weiner & L. Addadi in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137. [p.8409, Fig.1]
Ultrastructure of Sapphirina metallina. (a) Light microscope image viewed through the dorsal surface showing an array of tightly packed hexagonal crystals. Inset: Fourier transform of the image demonstrating the regular packing.
(b, c) Cryo-SEM micrographs of a high-pressure-frozen, freeze-fractured S. metallina copepod: (b) Transverse view showing the guanine crystals aligned perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the animal. The iridophores (Ir) are located just beneath the animal chitin procutile (Pc). Inset: schematic representation of the position of the crystal-containing cells (Ir) relative to the copepod anatomy. The copepod is presented in dorsal view. The right-hand side is a schematic representation of the cross section of the region indicated, which corresponds to the cryo-SEM micrograph.
(c) Dorsal view showing the tightly packed perfectly hexagonal crystals and the alternating layers of guanine crystals and cytoplasm beneath the procuticle.

Species Sapphirina metallina - Plate 17 of morphological figures

Plate 17 Issued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, M. Pierantoni, V. Farstey, D. Oron, S. Weiner & L. Addadi in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137. [p.8410, Fig.2, a-d].
Reflectance and structural properties of individual copepods: (a-d) Sapphirina metallina
Column 1 (left) shows light microscope images of representative sapphitinid male specimens and column 2 their measured reflectances. Column 4 shows representative cryo-SEM images of the crystal-cytoplasm layer arrays and column 3 the simulated reflectance spectra.
The simulated reflectance was calculated on the basis of thecytoplasm (Cy) and crystal (Cr) thicknesses measured in cryo-SEM images from many differently colored specimens.
The results of these measurements are shown in column 3 for each color.
The measured reflectance en each spectrum is normalized to a silver mirror; the measured reflectance of (d) was also normalized to the crystal coverage area because of the lack of uniformity of the specimen.
The seeming disagreement between the measured and calculated reflectance spectra at short wavelengths in (c) and (d) is due to the short-wavelength edge of the light source

Plate 18 ssued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, V. Farstey, D. Oron, L. Addadi & S. Weiner in Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016, 26 [p.1394, Fig.1, A, B).
Optical response (reflection mode) of sapphirinid male of Sapphirina metallina to either dark or light conditions. A: dark-adapted; B: light-adapted.

Plate 19 Issued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, V. Farstey, D. Oron, L. Addadi & S. Weiner in Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016, 26. [p.1396, Fig.3, A, B).
The reflectance and structural properties that accompany the male sapphirinid color change.
C: dark-adapted; D, light-adapted. Column I: light microscope images of the specimens; column II: measured reflectance; column III: simulated reflectance spectrum. The simulated reflectance was calculed based on the cytoplasm (Cy) and the crystal (Cr) thickness measured in cryo-SEM images: Dark-adaptated Cy: 190 ± 8 nm, Cr: 72 ± 4 nm. Light-adaptated Cy: 135 ± 5 nm, Cr: 69 nm ± 5 nm.
Column IV: representative cryo-SEM images of the crystal-cytoplasm layer arrays.

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Carl, 1907 (p.18); Sewell, 1948 (p.346, 462, 515); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.322); King & Hida, 1955 (p.11); Ganapati & Shanthakumari, 1962 (p.10, 16); V.N. Greze, 1963 a (tabl.2); Björnberg, 1963 (p.88, Rem.); De Decker & Mombeck, 1964 (p.13); Mazza, 1966 (p.73); 1967 (p.344); Pavlova, 1966 (p.45); Furuhashi, 1966 a (p.295, vertical distribution in Kuroshio region, Table 9);Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.78); Delalo, 1968 (p.139); Deevey, 1971 (p.224); Binet & al., 1972 (p.69); Björnberg, 1973 (p.370, 389); Corral Estrada & Pereiro Muñoz, 1974 (tab.I); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.156, tab.2, Station "S"); Boxshall, 1977 b (p.557); Tranter, 1977 (p.596, 599); Dessier, 1979 (p.207); Rajaram & Krishnaswamy, 1980 a (p.154); Vives, 1982 (p.296); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.86); Dessier, 1983 (p.89, Tableau 1, Rem., %); Guangshan & Honglin, 1984 (p.118, tab.); Regner, 1985 (p.11, Rem.: p.42); Renon, 1987 (tab.2); Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.61); Böttger-Schnack & al., 1989 (p.1089) ; Cervantes-Duarte & Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 (tab.3); Yoo, 1991 (tab.1); Hernandez-Trujillo, 1991 (1993) (tab.I); Lozano, 1991 (p.173); Baessa De Aguiar, 1991 (1993) (p.108); Böttger-Schnack, 1995 (p.93); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.77); Chae & al., 1996 (p.20); Böttger-Schnack, 1997 (p.409); Noda & al., 1998 (p.55, Table 3, occurrence); Hure & Krsinic, 1998 (p.104); Alvarez-Cadena & al., 1998 (t.1,4); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p.113); Lapernat, 1999 (p.38, Rem.); 2000 (tabl.3, 4); Razouls & al., 2000 (p.343, tab. 5, Appendix); Lapernat & Razouls, 2001 (tab.1); Fernandez-Alamo & al., 2000 (p.1139, Appendix); Suarez-Morales & al., 2000 (p.751, tab.1); Lopez-Salgado & al., 2000 (tab.1); Vukanic, 2003 (p.139, tab.1); Shimode & Shirayama, 2004 (tab.2); Rezai & al., 2004 (p.490, tab.2); Lan & al., 2004 (p.332, tab.1); Lo & al., 2004 (p.89, tab.1); Zuo & al., 2006 (p.164: tab.1); Jitlang & al., 2008 (p.65, Table 1); Ayon & al., 2008 (p.238, Table 4: Peruvian samples); Fernandes, 2008 (p.465, Tabl.2); C.-Y. Lee & al., 2009 (p.151, Tab.2); Williamson & McGowan, 2010 (p.273, Table III, Pacific central gyres: N & S); Mazzocchi & Di Capua, 2010 (p.429); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Hsiao S.H. & al., 2011 (p.475, Appendix I); Maiphae & Sa-ardrit, 2011 (p.641, Table 2, 3, Rem.); Andersen N.G. & al., 2011 (p.71, Fig.3: abundance); Guo & al., 2011 (p.567, table 2, indicator); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, comm. pers.); Terbiyik Kurt & Polat, 2013 (p.1163, Table 2, seasonal distribution); Gur & al., 2015 (p.8408, cuticular structure vs reflectance, figs.1, 2, 3); Gur & al., 2016 (p.1393, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, color change vs physical mechanism); Zakaria & al., 2016 (p.1, Table 1); Benedetti & al., 2016 (p.159, Table I, fig.1, functional characters)

Distribution

NZ: 19

Distribution map of Sapphirina metallina by geographical zones

Distribution map of Sapphirina metallina for the Zone Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea

Distribution map of Sapphirina metallina for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Sapphirina metallina for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Distribution map of Sapphirina metallina for the Zone Antarctic

Additional Maps & Charts

Map 6 issued from : C. Lehnhofer in Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. ''Valdivia'', 1929, 22 (5). [p.327, Fig.58].
Zoogeographical distribution of S. metallina.

Map 7 issued from : H.B. Owre & M. Foyo in Fauna Caribaea, 1, Crustacea, 1: Copepoda. Copepods of the Florida Current. 1967. [p.116, Table 57].
Vertical distribution of Sappjirina metallina at the ''40-Mile Station'' in the Florida Current ( E Miami: ± 25°35'N, 79°27'W; depth 738 m).
SL 55: 21 VII 1958. B: during midnight.

Localisations

Geographical glossary

Antarct. (Indian: continent, very rare) (in Wolfenden, 1911), South Africa, Angola, Congo, off St. Helena Is. (N & SE), off Trindade Is., off Ascension Is., G. of Guinea, Ivorian shelf, Dakar, off Cape Verde Is. (S, N & NW), off Mauritania, Canary Is., off Madeira, Lisboa, Rio de Janeiro, Guadeloupe, Caribbean Sea, Caribbean Colombia, Yucatan, Venezuela, G. of Mexico, Cuba, Florida, Sargasso Sea, off Bermuda (Station "S"), off SW Azores, Medit. (Algiers Bay, Ligurian Sea, Napoli, Strait of Messina, off Malta, N & S Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, W Egyptian coast, Iskenderun Bay, Lebanon Basin), Red Sea, G. of Aden, off Socotra, Arabian Sea, Maldive Is., Madagascar (Nosy Bé), Indian, India (Lawson's Bay), Bay of Bengal, Nicobar Is. (Nankaurie Harbour), W Australia, Straits of Malacca, Indonesia-Malaysia, Ambon Bay, Philippines, G. of Thailand, Viet-Nam, China Seas (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, South China Sea), Taiwan (E, NW, N: Mienhua Canyon), S. Japan (Kuchinoerabu Is.), Japan, off Kamtchatka, Pacif. (W equatorial), Pacific (central gyres: N & S), Australia (Great Barrier), New Zealand, Gilbert Is., Hawaii, off S Hawaii, California, W Baja California, W Mexico , G. of Tehuantepec, Clipperton Is., Galapagos, Peru, N Chile

Quotations

N: 130

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(34) F: 2,04-1,92; M: 1,98-1,92; (35) F: 2,22; (46) M: 1,9; (91) F: ± 1,2; (135) F: 2,3; (180) F: 2,26-2,07; M: 2,14-2; (254) M: 2,1; (327) F: 2,12; (340) F: 2,1-1,8; M: 2; (449) F: 2,3; M: 1,9; (458) F: 2; 1,87; M: 2,08; 1,96; (530) M: 3; (531) M: 2,8; (618) M: 2,18; (648) F: 2,52-1,68; M: 2,58-1,61; (705) F: 2,112-1,942; M: 2,093-1,867; (788) F: 1,72-1,62; M: 1,7-1,5; (794) F: 2,5-1,3; M: 2,3-2; (805) F: 2,39-1,2; M: 2,39-1,4; (991) F: 1,68-2,52; M: 1,61-2,58; (1023) F: 1,86; M: 1,86; {F: 1,20-2,52; M: 1,40-3,00}

Remarks

epi-mesopelagic, (off Malta: 2000-3000 m).
Sampling depth (Antarct.) : 1200 m. Overall Depth Range: 0-500 m (Deevey & Brooks, 1977, Station "S"). 0-217 m at Station T-1 (E Tori Is., E middle Japan) from Furuhashi (1966 a).
See in DVP Conway & al., 2003 (version 1)

Last update : 09/12/2020

Contributor Remarks

to add your remark