Fiche d'espèce de Copépode
Cyclopoida ( Ordre )
    Sapphirinidae ( Famille )
        Sapphirina ( Genre )
Sapphirina metallina  Dana, 1849   (F,M)
Syn.: Saphirina metallina : Brady, 1883 (p.128, figs.F,M); T. Scott, 1894 b (p.125, fig.M)
Ref.:
Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.620, 644, 775, figs.M); Thompson & Scott, 1903 (p.240); A. Scott, 1909 (p.255, Rem.); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.360); Pesta, 1920 (p.640, fig.M); Farran, 1929 (p.210, 290); Lehnhofer, 1929 (p.284, Rem., figs.F,M); Rose, 1929 (p.61); 1933 a (p.311, figs.F,M); Farran, 1936 a (p.129); Mori, 1937 (1964) (p.124, figs.F); Wilson, 1942 a (p.206, fig.M); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.43); Sewell, 1947 (p.266); Moore, 1949 (p.64); Pucher, 1952 (p.102); Krishnaswamy, 1953 (p.73, Rem.M); Chiba, 1956 (p.10, figs.F); Chiba & al., 1957 (p.310); 1957 a (p.12); Marques, 1958 a (p.137, figs.M); Fagetti, 1962 (p.47); Crisafi & Mazza, 1966 (p.611, figs.F,M, Rem.); Saraswathy, 1966 (1967) (p.103); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.116, figs.F,M); Vilela, 1968 (p.34, figs.F); Ramirez, 1969 (p.95, figs.M, Rem.); Corral Estrada, 1970 (p.229); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.607, 671, figs.M); Zheng & al., 1982 (p.116, figs.F,M); Baessa de Aguiar, 1986 (1989) (p.62, figs.F,M); Chae & Nishida, 1994 (p.205, 208, fig.M, integumental structure, pattern color); Chihara & Murano, 1997 (p.990, Pl.226: F,M); Boxshall, 1998 (p.230); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.887, 972, figs.F,M); Conway & al., 2003 (p.238, figs.F,M, Rem.); Boxshall & Halsey, 2004 (p.655); Vives & Shmeleva, 2010 (p.378, figs.F,M, Rem.); Gur & al., 2015 (p.8408, cuticular structure vs reflectance, figs.1, 2, 3); Gur & al., 2016 (p.1393, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6,color change vs physical mechanism)
Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 1 de figures morphologiquesissued from : F.C. Ramirez in Contr. Inst. Biol. mar., Buenos Aires, 1969, 98. [p.94, Lam. XIX, figs. 159, 163].
Male (from off Mar del Plata): 159, habitus (dorsal); 163, A2.
Scale bars in mm: 0.6 (159); 0.3 (163).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 2 de figures morphologiquesissued from : P. Crisafi & J. Mazza in Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 1966, XII (3/4). [p.612, Fig.32].
Male (from Strait of Messina): habitus (dorsal).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 3 de figures morphologiquesissued from : P. Crisafi & J. Mazza in Atti Soc. pelorit. Sci. fis. mat. nat., 1966, XII (3/4). [p.612, Fig.33].
Female: A, habitus (dorsal); B, A2.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 4 de figures morphologiquesissued from : Z. Zheng, S. Li, S.J. Li & B. Chen in Marine planktonic copepods in Chinese waters. Shanghai Sc. Techn. Press, 1982 [p.116, Fig.71].
Female: a, habitus (dorsal); b, caudal rami (dorsal); c, A2; d, P2; e, endopodal segment 3 of P2; f, P4.

Male: g, habitus (dorsal); h, caudal rami (dorsal); i, A2; j, P2; k, endopodal segment 3 of P2; l, P4.

Scale bars in mm.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 5 de figures morphologiquesissued from : J. Chae & S. Nishida in Mar. Biol., 1994 (119). [p.208, Table 2, C).
Specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light.

Nota: Color observed with reflected (R )and transmitted light (T): Metallic gold or silver, strong reflexion, rapidly changing (R); Gold at pigment sites, broad spectrum, red, yellow, blue, magenta and violet where cuticles overlap (T).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 6 de figures morphologiquesissued from : J. Chae & S. Nishida in Mar. Biol., 1994 (119). [p.208, Table 2, E-H).
Specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light. E-H, the same individual as in (C), showing color change due to the specimen's slight movement.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 7 de figures morphologiquesissued from : T. Mori in The Pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of Japan, 1937 (1964). [Pl. 67, Figs.14-18].
Female: 14, A2; 15, P2; 16, habitus (dorsal); 17, P4; 18, P1.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 8 de figures morphologiquesissued from : C. Lehnhofer in Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. ''Valdivia'', 1929, 22 (5). [p.285, Fig.18].
Female: 3, A2.

Male: 1, caudal ramus (dorsal); 2, A1.
hy = hyaline margin.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 9 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.52].
Male: 52, habirus (dorsal).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 10 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.48].
Male: 48, Abdomen (dorsal).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 11 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.47].
Male: 47, A1.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 12 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Figs.49, 50, 51].
Male: 49, P1 (endopod); 50, P4; 51, P3 (endopod).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 13 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Figs.53, 54 , 55].
Male: 53, Mx1; 54, Mxp; 55, A2.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 14 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 19, 1892. Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.54, Fig.56].
Male: 56, P2 (endopod).


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 15 de figures morphologiquesissued from : P.E. Lapernat & C. Razouls in Vie Milieu, 2002, 52 (1). [p.27, Pl. V, fig.2].
Female (from off Malta, Mediterranean Sea): 2, Md.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 16 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, M. Pierantoni, V. Farstey, D. Oron, S. Weiner & L. Addadi in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137. [p.8409, Fig.1]
Ultrastructure of Sapphirina metallina. (a) Light microscope image viewed through the dorsal surface showing an array of tightly packed hexagonal crystals. Inset: Fourier transform of the image demonstrating the regular packing.
(b, c) Cryo-SEM micrographs of a high-pressure-frozen, freeze-fractured S. metallina copepod: (b) Transverse view showing the guanine crystals aligned perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the animal. The iridophores (Ir) are located just beneath the animal chitin procutile (Pc). Inset: schematic representation of the position of the crystal-containing cells (Ir) relative to the copepod anatomy. The copepod is presented in dorsal view. The right-hand side is a schematic representation of the cross section of the region indicated, which corresponds to the cryo-SEM micrograph.
(c) Dorsal view showing the tightly packed perfectly hexagonal crystals and the alternating layers of guanine crystals and cytoplasm beneath the procuticle.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 17 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, M. Pierantoni, V. Farstey, D. Oron, S. Weiner & L. Addadi in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137. [p.8410, Fig.2, a-d].
Reflectance and structural properties of individual copepods: (a-d) Sapphirina metallina
Column 1 (left) shows light microscope images of representative sapphitinid male specimens and column 2 their measured reflectances. Column 4 shows representative cryo-SEM images of the crystal-cytoplasm layer arrays and column 3 the simulated reflectance spectra.
The simulated reflectance was calculated on the basis of thecytoplasm (Cy) and crystal (Cr) thicknesses measured in cryo-SEM images from many differently colored specimens.
The results of these measurements are shown in column 3 for each color.
The measured reflectance en each spectrum is normalized to a silver mirror; the measured reflectance of (d) was also normalized to the crystal coverage area because of the lack of uniformity of the specimen.
The seeming disagreement between the measured and calculated reflectance spectra at short wavelengths in (c) and (d) is due to the short-wavelength edge of the light source


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 18 de figures morphologiquesssued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, V. Farstey, D. Oron, L. Addadi & S. Weiner in Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016, 26 [p.1394, Fig.1, A, B).
Optical response (reflection mode) of sapphirinid male of Sapphirina metallina to either dark or light conditions. A: dark-adapted; B: light-adapted.


Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Planche 19 de figures morphologiquesIssued from : D. Gur, B. Leshem, V. Farstey, D. Oron, L. Addadi & S. Weiner in Adv. Funct. Mater., 2016, 26. [p.1396, Fig.3, A, B).
The reflectance and structural properties that accompany the male sapphirinid color change.
C: dark-adapted; D, light-adapted. Column I: light microscope images of the specimens; column II: measured reflectance; column III: simulated reflectance spectrum. The simulated reflectance was calculed based on the cytoplasm (Cy) and the crystal (Cr) thickness measured in cryo-SEM images: Dark-adaptated Cy: 190 ± 8 nm, Cr: 72 ± 4 nm. Light-adaptated Cy: 135 ± 5 nm, Cr: 69 nm ± 5 nm.
Column IV: representative cryo-SEM images of the crystal-cytoplasm layer arrays.

Ref. compl.:
Carl, 1907 (p.18); Sewell, 1948 (p.346, 462, 515); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.322); King & Hida, 1955 (p.11); Ganapati & Shanthakumari, 1962 (p.10, 16); V.N. Greze, 1963 a (tabl.2); Björnberg, 1963 (p.88, Rem.); De Decker & Mombeck, 1964 (p.13); Mazza, 1966 (p.73); 1967 (p.344); Pavlova, 1966 (p.45); Furuhashi, 1966 a (p.295, vertical distribution in Kuroshio region, Table 9);Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.78); Delalo, 1968 (p.139); Deevey, 1971 (p.224); Binet & al., 1972 (p.69); Björnberg, 1973 (p.370, 389); Corral Estrada & Pereiro Muñoz, 1974 (tab.I); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.156, tab.2, Station "S"); Boxshall, 1977 b (p.557); Tranter, 1977 (p.596, 599); Dessier, 1979 (p.207); Rajaram & Krishnaswamy, 1980 a (p.154); Vives, 1982 (p.296); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.86); Dessier, 1983 (p.89, Tableau 1, Rem., %); Guangshan & Honglin, 1984 (p.118, tab.); Regner, 1985 (p.11, Rem.: p.42); Renon, 1987 (tab.2); Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.61); Böttger-Schnack & al., 1989 (p.1089) ; Cervantes-Duarte & Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 (tab.3); Yoo, 1991 (tab.1); Hernandez-Trujillo, 1991 (1993) (tab.I); Lozano, 1991 (p.173); Baessa De Aguiar, 1991 (1993) (p.108); Böttger-Schnack, 1995 (p.93); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.77); Chae & al., 1996 (p.20); Böttger-Schnack, 1997 (p.409); Noda & al., 1998 (p.55, Table 3, occurrence); Hure & Krsinic, 1998 (p.104); Alvarez-Cadena & al., 1998 (t.1,4); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p.113); Lapernat, 1999 (p.38, Rem.); 2000 (tabl.3, 4); Razouls & al., 2000 (p.343, tab. 5, Appendix); Lapernat & Razouls, 2001 (tab.1); Fernandez-Alamo & al., 2000 (p.1139, Appendix); Suarez-Morales & al., 2000 (p.751, tab.1); Lopez-Salgado & al., 2000 (tab.1); Vukanic, 2003 (p.139, tab.1); Shimode & Shirayama, 2004 (tab.2); Rezai & al., 2004 (p.490, tab.2); Lan & al., 2004 (p.332, tab.1); Lo & al., 2004 (p.89, tab.1); Zuo & al., 2006 (p.164: tab.1); Jitlang & al., 2008 (p.65, Table 1); Ayon & al., 2008 (p.238, Table 4: Peruvian samples); Fernandes, 2008 (p.465, Tabl.2); C.-Y. Lee & al., 2009 (p.151, Tab.2); Williamson & McGowan, 2010 (p.273, Table III, Pacific central gyres: N & S); Mazzocchi & Di Capua, 2010 (p.429); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Hsiao S.H. & al., 2011 (p.475, Appendix I); Maiphae & Sa-ardrit, 2011 (p.641, Table 2, 3, Rem.); Andersen N.G. & al., 2011 (p.71, Fig.3: abundance); Guo & al., 2011 (p.567, table 2, indicator); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, comm. pers.); Terbiyik Kurt & Polat, 2013 (p.1163, Table 2, seasonal distribution); Gur & al., 2015 (p.8408, cuticular structure vs reflectance, figs.1, 2, 3); Gur & al., 2016 (p.1393, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, color change vs physical mechanism); Zakaria & al., 2016 (p.1, Table 1); Benedetti & al., 2016 (p.159, Table I, fig.1, functional characters)
NZ: 19

Carte de distribution de Sapphirina metallina par zones géographiques
Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Carte de distribution 4issued from : C. Lehnhofer in Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. ''Valdivia'', 1929, 22 (5). [p.327, Fig.58].
Zoogeographical distribution of S. metallina.
Espèce Sapphirina metallina - Carte de distribution 5issued from : H.B. Owre & M. Foyo in Fauna Caribaea, 1, Crustacea, 1: Copepoda. Copepods of the Florida Current. 1967. [p.116, Table 57].
Vertical distribution of Sappjirina metallina at the ''40-Mile Station'' in the Florida Current ( E Miami: ± 25°35'N, 79°27'W; depth 738 m).
SL 55: 21 VII 1958. B: during midnight.
Loc:
Antarct. (Indian: continent, very rare) (in Wolfenden, 1911), South Africa, Angola, Congo, off St. Helena Is. (N & SE), off Trindade Is., off Ascension Is., G. of Guinea, Ivorian shelf, Dakar, off Cape Verde Is. (S, N & NW), off Mauritania, Canary Is., off Madeira, Lisboa, Rio de Janeiro, Guadeloupe, Caribbean Sea, Caribbean Colombia, Yucatan, Venezuela, G. of Mexico, Cuba, Florida, Sargasso Sea, off Bermuda (Station "S"), off SW Azores, Medit. (Algiers Bay, Ligurian Sea, Napoli, Strait of Messina, off Malta, N & S Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, W Egyptian coast, Iskenderun Bay, Lebanon Basin), Red Sea, G. of Aden, off Socotra, Arabian Sea, Maldive Is., Madagascar (Nosy Bé), Indian, India (Lawson's Bay), Bay of Bengal, Nicobar Is. (Nankaurie Harbour), W Australia, Straits of Malacca, Indonesia-Malaysia, Ambon Bay, Philippines, G. of Thailand, Viet-Nam, China Seas (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, South China Sea), Taiwan (E, NW, N: Mienhua Canyon), S. Japan (Kuchinoerabu Is.), Japan, off Kamtchatka, Pacif. (W equatorial), Pacific (central gyres: N & S), Australia (Great Barrier), New Zealand, Gilbert Is., Hawaii, off S Hawaii, California, W Baja California, W Mexico , G. of Tehuantepec, Clipperton Is., Galapagos, Peru, N Chile
N: 130
Lg.:
(34) F: 2,04-1,92; M: 1,98-1,92; (35) F: 2,22; (46) M: 1,9; (91) F: ± 1,2; (135) F: 2,3; (180) F: 2,26-2,07; M: 2,14-2; (254) M: 2,1; (327) F: 2,12; (340) F: 2,1-1,8; M: 2; (449) F: 2,3; M: 1,9; (458) F: 2; 1,87; M: 2,08; 1,96; (530) M: 3; (531) M: 2,8; (618) M: 2,18; (648) F: 2,52-1,68; M: 2,58-1,61; (705) F: 2,112-1,942; M: 2,093-1,867; (788) F: 1,72-1,62; M: 1,7-1,5; (794) F: 2,5-1,3; M: 2,3-2; (805) F: 2,39-1,2; M: 2,39-1,4; (991) F: 1,68-2,52; M: 1,61-2,58; (1023) F: 1,86; M: 1,86; {F: 1,20-2,52; M: 1,40-3,00}
Rem.: épi-mésopélagique, (off Malte: 2000-3000 m).
Sampling depth (Antarct.) : 1200 m.
Voir aussi les remarques en anglais
Dernière mise à jour : 09/12/2020

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