Candacia varicans - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Candacia varicans Giesbrecht, 1892 (F,M)

Taxonomy

Order Calanoida

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Superfamily Diaptomoidea

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Family Candaciidae

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Genus Candacia

details list species for this Genus

Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

Candace varicans Giesbrecht, 1892 (p.424, 439, 771, figs.F,M); T. Scott, 1894 b (p.62, figs.F,M);
Candacia sp. Pesta, 1941 (p.168, figs.M);
Cadancia boricans: Cervantes-Duarte & Hernandez-Trujillo, 1989 (tab.3: lapsus calami)

References

List of the studied authors

Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.129, Rem. F,M); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.357); Rose, 1929 (p.44); Farran, 1929 (p.210, 273); Sewell, 1932 (p.338); Rose, 1933 a (p.252, figs.F,M); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.41); Sewell, 1947 (p.248); Farran, 1948 b (n°13, p.3, figs.F,M); Marques, 1953 (p.120, fig.F); Grice, 1962 (p.234, figs.F,M); 1963 (p.179, fig.F); Crisafi, 1963 (p.129, figs.F,M, juv.); Vervoort, 1965 (p.174, Rem.); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.94, figs.F,M); Shih & al., 1971 (p.37); Razouls, 1972 (p.95, Annexe: p.88, figs.F,M); Lawson, 1977 (p.71, tab.2,3,4, fig.5); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.655, figs.F,M); Baessa De Aguiar, 1991 (1993) (p.102, figs.F); Boxshall & Huys, 1998 (p.780); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.885, 956, figs.F,M); Bradford-Grieve, 1999 b (p.174, figs.F,M, Rem., figs.183,193); G. Harding, 2004 (p.25, figs.F,M); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.456, figs.F,M, Rem.)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from : G.D. Grice in Fish. Bull. Fish and Wildl. Ser., 1962, 61. [p.233, Pl.31, Figs.8-16].
Female (ffrom equatorial Pacific): 8-9, dorsal and lateral, respectively); 10, P5.
Long and symmetrical genital segment wihich is produced on the ventral side. P5 slightly asymmetrical and terminate in two rather long, but unequal, points.

Male: 11-12, habitus (dorsal and lateral, respectively); 13, Md (citing edge); 14, Mx2; 15, left P5; 16, right P5.
Nota: Thorax and genital segment symmetrical. The basal tooth of Md ends in 3 approximately equal cusps. Right P5 chelate.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 issued from : C. Razouls in Th. Doc. Etat Fac. Sc. Paris VI, 1972, Annexe. [Fig.55, C].
Male (from Banyuls): C, right A1.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : C. Razouls in Th. Doc. Etat Fac. Sc. Paris VI, 1972, Annexe. [Fig.53, F, J].
Female (from Banyuls): F, P5; J, distal portion of P5.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 Issued from : J.M. Bradford-Grieve, E.L. Markhaseva, C.E.F. Rocha & B. Abiahy in South Atlantic Zooplankton, edit. D. Boltovskoy. 1999, Vol. 2, Copepoda; [p.1066, Fig. 7.374: Candacia varicans ]. r = right leg of male P5.

Female characteristics (from key, p.956) :
- Terminal segment of P5 with 2 outer spines and 2 distal spines.
- No spine-like process present on ventral side og genital segment.
- Noinner edge setae present on terminal segment of P5.
- Urosomal segment 2 without lateral or ventral protrusion a,d without spine-like process arising from ventral surface.
- Posterior corners of prosome pointed.

Male characteristics (from key, p.956) :
- Proximal spine on Mx2 inner lobe 5 not notably thicker than distal spine.
- In dorsal view, genital segment without process or protrusion.
- Left posterior corner of the prosome pointed.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : Bradford-Grieve J.M. in The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic Calanoid Copepoda. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 111, 1999. [p.176, Fig.126, A-D].
Female: A, urosome (dorsal); B, idem (ventral); C, idem (left lateral side); D, P5.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 6 of morphological figures

Plate 6 issued from : Bradford-Grieve J.M. in The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic Calanoid Copepoda. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 111, 1999. [p.176, Fig.126, E-G].
Male: E, urosome (dorsal); F, part of geniculate A1; G, P5. L = left leg; R = right leg.
Nota: Male left P5 with 2 terminal segments hairy in the Southwest Pacific specimens.

Species Candacia varicans - Plate 7 of morphological figures

Plate 7 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892, 19. [Taf. 39, figs. 2, 23].
Female: 2, habitus (dorsal).

Male: 23, Thoracic segment 5 and abdominal segments 1 and 2.

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Cleve, 1904 a (p.187); Wilson, 1942 a (p.175); Sewell, 1948 (p.346, 419, 427, 443, 457, 460, 470, 473, 477, 490); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.184); V.N.Gaudy, 1962 (p.93, 99, Rem.: p.112) ; Greze, 1963 a (tabl.2); De Decker & Mombeck, 1964 (p.11); Mazza, 1966 (p.72); Pavlova, 1966 (p.44); Fleminger, 1967 a (tabl.1); Séguin, 1968 (p.488); De Decker, 1968 (p.45); Morris, 1970 (p.2301); Timonin, 1971 (p.281, trophic group); Roe, 1972 (p.277, tabl.1, tabl.2); Bainbridge, 1972 (p.61, Appendix Table III: occurrence); Apostolopoulou, 1972 (p.328, 366); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.156, tab.2, Station "S"); Carter, 1977 (1978) (p.36); Dessier, 1979 (p.206); Pipe & Coombs, 1980 (p.223, Table II, vertical occurrence); Vaissière & Séguin, 1980 (p.23, tab.2); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.85); Vives, 1982 (p.294); Tremblay & Anderson, 1984 (p.4); De Decker, 1984 (p.317); Scotto di Carlo & al., 1984 (1044); Guangshan & Honglin, 1984 (p.118, tab.); Cummings, 1984 (p.163, Table 2); Regner, 1985 (p.11, Rem.: p.37); Brenning, 1985 a (p.28, Table 2); Madhupratap & Haridas, 1986 (p.105, tab.1); Brenning, 1987 (p.30, spatial distribution, T-S diagram, Rem.); Jimenez-Perez & Lara-Lara, 1988; Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.60); Heinrich, 1990 (p.19); Suarez & al., 1990 (tab.2); Suarez & Gasca, 1991 (tab.2); Suarez, 1992 (App.1); Seguin & al., 1993 (p.23); Shih & Young, 1995 (p.69); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1997 (p.1525); Hure & Krsinic, 1998 (p.102); Alvarez-Cadena & al., 1998 (tab.1,2,3,4); Suarez-Morales, 1998 (p.345, Table 1); Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p109); Siokou-Frangou, 1999 (p.478); Hernandez-Trujillo, 1999 (p.284, tab.1); Neumann-Leitao & al., 1999 (p.153, tab.2); Lopez-Salgado & al., 2000 (tab.1); Lapernat, 2000 (tabl.3, 4); Holmes, 2001 (p.30); Vukanic, 2003 (p.139, tab.1); Osore & al., 2004 (p.195); Isari & al., 2006 (p.241, tab.II); Khelifi-Touhami & al., 2007 (p.327, Table 1); Neumann-Leitao & al., 2008 (p.799: Tab.II, fig.6); Morales-Ramirez & Suarez-Morales, 2008 (p.518); Gaard & al., 2008 (p.59, Table 1, N Mid-Atlantic Ridge); Licandro & Icardi, 2009 (p.17, Table 4); Schnack-Schiel & al., 2010 (p.2064, Table 2: E Atlantic subtropical/tropical); Mazzocchi & Di Capua, 2010 (p.424); Tutasi & al., 2011 (p.791, Table 2, abundance distribution vs La Niña event); Pagano & al., 2012 (p.538, Table 1); in CalCOFI regional list (MDO, Nov. 2013; M. Ohman, comm. pers.) ; Lidvanov & al., 2013 (p.290, Table 2, % composition); Benedetti & al., 2016 (p.159, Table I, fig.1, functional characters); El Arraj & al., 2017 (p.272, table 2, spatial distribution); Benedetti & al., 2018 (p.1, Fig.2: ecological functional group); Belmonte, 2018 (p.273, Table I: Italian zones); Chaouadi & Hafferssas, 2018 (p.913, Table II: occurrence).

Distribution

NZ: 18

Distribution map of Candacia varicans by geographical zones

Distribution map of Candacia varicans for the Zone Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea

Distribution map of Candacia varicans for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Candacia varicans for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Additional Maps & Charts

Species Candacia varicans - Distribution map 5

Map 5 issued from : T.J. Lawson in Marine Biology, 1977, 43. [Fig.5, p.82].
Distribution map for the Indian Ocean.

Species Candacia varicans - Distribution map 6

Map 6 issued from : U. Brenning in Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock - 36. Jahrgang 1987. Mat.-nat. wiss. Reihe, 2. [p.27, Fig.1].
Spatial distribution for Candacia curta, C. armata, C. bipinnata, C. paenelongimana, C. varicans (= varians), C. pachydactyla, C. longimana, C. ethiopica, Paracandacia simplex ( = C. simplex) from 8° S - 26° N; 16°- 20° W, for different expeditions (V1: Dec. 1972- Jan. 1973; V2: Feb/Mar. 1973; VI: May 1974; IV: Jun./Jul. 1972).

Species Candacia varicans - Distribution map 7

Map 7 issued from : U. Brenning in Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock - 36. Jahrgang 1987. Mat.-nat. wiss. Reihe, 2. [p.28, Fig.2].
T-S Diagram for Candacia curta, C. armata, C. bipinnata, C. paenelongimana, C. varicans, C. pachydactyla, C. longimana, C. ethiopica, Paracandacia simplex ( = C. simplex) from 8° S - 26° N; 16°- 20° W.

Localisations

Geographical glossary

South Africa (E & W), Namibia, Angola, Congo, off N St. Helena Is., Sao Tomé, G. of Guinea, off Lagos, off NE St. Paul Is., Cape Verde Is., off NW Cape Verde Is., Morocco-Mauritania, Canary Is., off Madeira, Azores, Portugal, SW Atlant., Brazil (off Natal), off. Amazon, Venezuela, E Antilles, Yucatan, G. of Mexico, Florida, off Bermuda (Station "S"), Sargasso Sea, off Nova Scotia, G. of St. Lawrence, off Newfoundland, off S Iceland, W Ireland, Wyville Thomson Ridge, Medit. (Alboran Sea, Habibas Is., Sidi Fredj coast, Gulf of Annaba, NW, Banyuls, Marseille, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Strait of Messina, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Lebanon Basin), Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Laccadive Is., Kenya, Indian, Philippines, China Seas (East China Sea, South China Sea), Bering Sea, Pacif. (W equatorial), New Zealand (North Island N), Tasman Sea, Pacif. (equatorial), off N Hawaii, California, W Baja California, G. of California, W Costa-Rica, Pacif. (SE tropical), Galapagos-Ecuador, Tuamotu (Ahe atoll)

Quotations

N: 100 (S Atlant.: 15; N Atlant.: 32; Medit.: 25; Red Sea: 1; Indian: 11; Indo-Malaysia: 1; Pacif.: 14)

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(16) F: 2,5-2,25; M: 2,4-2,25; (46) F: 2,3; M: 2,1; (101) F: 2,55; M: 2,28-2,14; (199) F: 2,43-1,98; M: 2,13; (342) F: 2,457-1,989; M: 2,424-1,913; (909) F: 2,3-2,4; M: 2-2,3; (1110) F: 2,63-2,74; {F: 1,98-2,74; M: 1,91-2,42}

The mean female size is 2.377 mm (n = 12; SD = 0.2309), and the mean male size is 2.194 mm (n = 10; SD = 0.1665). The size ratio (male : female) is 0.936 (n = 6; SD = 0.0449).

Remarks

epi-mesopelagic. Sargasso Sea: 500-1000 m (Deevey & Brooks, 1977, Station "S"). 410-450 m (Pipe & Coombs, 1980 at 60°N, 07°W)
For C.B. Wilson (1950, p.184) this species is one of the rarer form, and these Albatross specimens constitute the second record from the Pacific area, Sewell having reported it from the Indian Ocean (1932, p.338).
Timonin (1971, p.282) considers the trophic interrelations in the equatorial and tropical Indian Ocean, and divides the plankters into 6 trophic groups from the litterature and the results of studies of mouth-parts structure and intestine content. This species is a piercing and sucking carnivorous.
After Benedetti & al. (2018, p.1, Fig.2) this species belonging to the functional group 2 corresponding to small ambush feeding carnivorous.

Last update : 25/10/2022

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