Subeucalanus monachus - Species Card - Marine Planktonic Copepods

Subeucalanus monachus Giesbrecht, 1888 (F,M)

Taxonomy

Order Calanoida

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Superfamily Eucalanoidea

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Family Eucalanidae

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Genus Subeucalanus

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Abbreviations or symbols

Synonymy

Eucalanus monachus Giesbrecht,1888; 1892 (p.132, 151, 772, figs.F,M); Giesbrecht & Schmeil, 1898 (p.21, Rem.); Wheeler, 1901 (p.167, figs.M); Thompson & Scott, 1903 (p.233, 242); Cleve, 1904 a (p.189); A. Scott, 1909 (p.20); Wolfenden, 1911 (p.204); Sewell, 1912 (p.353, 357); 1914 a (p.202); Pesta, 1920 (p.499); Sars, 1925 (p.22); Rose, 1925 (p.151); 1929 (p.15); Sewell, 1929 (p.51); Wilson, 1932 a (p.33,figs.F,M); Rose, 1933 a (p.69, figs.F,M); no Dakin & Colefax, 1940 (p.96, figs.); Wilson, 1942 a (p.184); Massuti Alzamora, 1942 (p.110); Lysholm & al., 1945 (p.9); Sewell, 1947 (p.46); C.B. Wilson, 1950 (p.209); Marques, 1951 a (p.21); 1953 (p.95); 1955 (p.17); Rose, 1956 (p.459); Ganapati & Shanthakumari, 1962 (p.7, 15); Fagetti, 1962 (p.10); Cervigon, 1962 (p.181, tables: abundance distribution); Vervoort, 1963 b (p.99-100: Rem.); Duran, 1963 (p.13); Kasturirangan, 1963 (p.18, 19, figs.F,M); Björnberg, 1963 (p.21, Rem.); Paiva, 1963 (p.20); Unterüberbacher, 1964 (p.16, Rem.); De Decker, 1964 (p.15, 22, 28); Ramirez, 1966 (p.8, figs.F, Rem.); Neto & Paiva, 1966 (p.19, Table III); Mazza, 1966 (p.69); 1967 (p.86, 331, fig.67, figs.F,M, juv., fig.67); Owre & Foyo, 1967 (p.37, figs.F,M); Vilela, 1968 (p.10, figs.F); Evans, 1968 (p.13, as monarchus); Vinogradov, 1968 (1970) (p.268, 269); Marques, 1968 a (p.396); Matthews, 1968 a (p.35, figs.F, Rem.); Park, 1970 (p.474); Corral Estrada, 1970 (p.76, figs.F, Rem.F,M); Timonin, 1971 (p.281, trophic group); Gamulin, 1971 (p.382, tab.3); Bainbridge, 1972 (p.61, Appendix Table I: vertical distribution vs day/night, Table II: %, Table IV: seasonal abundance); Apostolopoulou, 1972 (p.327, 334); Binet & al., 1972 (p.69); Kos, 1972 (Vol.I, figs.F,M, Rem.); Björnberg, 1973 (p.298, 386); Fleminger, 1973 (p.969, 978, 979, 982, 999, fig.F); Corral Estrada & Pereiro Muñoz, 1974 (tab.I); Vives & al., 1975 (p.35, tab.II, III, IV); Patel, 1975 (p.659); Marques, 1976 (p.987); Madhu Pratap & al., 1977 (p.138, Table 3: abundance vs. stations); Deevey & Brooks, 1977 (p.256, Table 2, Station "S"); Goswami & Goswami, 1979 (p.103, figs.); Stephen & Iyer, 1979 (p.228, tab.1, 3, 4, figs.3, 4); Binet, 1979 (p.400); Dessier, 1979 (p.54, 56, 201, 204); Vaissière & Séguin, 1980 (p.23, tab.2); Björnberg & al., 1981 (p.621, figs.F,M); Sreekumaran Nair & al., 1981 (p.493, fig.2cont.); Madhupratap & al., 1981 (p.262, Table 2: abundance vs. thermocline); Madhupratap & al., 1981 (p.266, fig.2l: abundance vs. geographic transect); Kovalev & Shmeleva, 1982 (p.82); Strickler, 1982 (Rem.: p.159, behavior); Marques, 1982 (p.752); Vives, 1982 (p.290); Scotto di Carlo & Ianora, 1983 (p.150); De Decker, 1984 (p.315); Cummings, 1984 (p.163, Table 2); Scotto di Carlo & al., 1984 (1042); Brenning, 1985 a (p.24, Table 2); Diouf & Diallo, 1987 (p.260); Lozano Soldevilla & al., 1988 (p.57); Wiebe & al., 1988 (tab.7); Pancucci-Papadopoulou & al., 1990 (p.199); Roe, 1984 (p.356, Rem.: ?); Scotto di Carlo & al., 1991 (p.270); Suarez & Gasca, 1991 (tab.2); Suarez, 1992 (App.1); Rosales & Sepulveda, 1992 (p.38); Seguin & al., 1993 (p.23); Webber & Roff, 1995 (tab.1); Weikert, 1995 (p.218, Rem.); Hajderi, 1995 (p.542); Siokou-Frangou, 1997 (tab.1); Hure & Krsinic, 1998 (p.20, 99); Gilabert & Moreno, 1998 (tab.1, 2); Mauchline, 1998 (tab.8); Hopcroft & al., 1998 (tab.2); Seridji & Hafferssas, 2000 (tab.1); Moraitou-Apostolopoulou & al., 2000 (tab.I); Weikert & al., 2001 (p.227, tab.4),, fig.6,8,9, Rem.); Beaugrand & al., 2002 (p.179, figs.5, 6); Vukanic, 2003 (139, tab.1); Koppelmann & al., 2004 (p.1, Rem.); Siokou-Frangou & al., 2005 (p.160); Isari & al., 2006 (p.241, tab.II); Koppelmann & Weikert, 2007 (p.266: tab.3); Morales-Ramirez & Suarez-Morales, 2008 (p.513, 519); Fernandes, 2008 (p.465, Tabl.2); Licandro & Icardi, 2009 (p.17, Table 4); Hafferssas & Seridji, 2010 (p.353, Table 3); Lidvanov & al., 2010 (p.356, Table 3); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Fazeli & al., 2010 (p.153, Table 1, as monochus); Maiphae & Sa-ardrit, 2011 (p.641, Table 2); Glushko & Lidvanov, 2012 (p.138, Tableau 1); Zaafa & al., 2014 (p.67, Table I, occurrence); Record & al., 2018 (p.2238, Table 1: diapause);
Eucalanus vadicola F. Dahl, 1894 c (p.20, Rem.F,M);
no E. monachus : Dakin & Colefax, 1933 (p.204); 1940 (p.96, figs.F,M);
? Eucalanus monachus cop. : Isari & al., 2011 (p.51, Table 2, abundance vs distribution, in Thracian Sea);

References

List of the studied authors

Bradford-Grieve, 1994 (p.88); Bradford-Grieve & al., 1999 (p.878, 912, figs.F,M); Goetze, 2003 (p.2322 & suiv.); Vives & Shmeleva, 2007 (p.877, figs.F,M, Rem.)

Figures

Plate 1 issued from : A. Fleminger in Fishery Bull. natn. Ocean. Atmos. Adm., 1973, 71 (4). [p.985, Fig.9]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: c, habitus (dorsal), c', idem (lateral right side).
Dorsal and lateral pattern of integumental organs (black point = sites occuring at 100% frequency, o = 80-99% frequency, x = 10-79% frequency, triangle are sites which are also visible in lateral view but which are assigned to dorsal sets);

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 2 of morphological figures

Plate 2 issued from : A. Fleminger in Fishery Bull. natn. Ocean. Atmos. Adm., 1973, 71 (4). [p.968, Fig.1, e (p.969)]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: e, genital segment (lateral right side).

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 3 of morphological figures

Plate 3 issued from : F.C. Ramirez in Bol. Inst. Biol. Mar., Mar del Plata, 1966, 11. [Lam.I, Figs.6-15]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female (off Mar del Plata): 6, habitus (dorsal); 7, idem (lateroventral); 8, urosome (dorsal); 9, distal segments of A1; 10, A2; 11, Md (mandibular palp); 12, rostrum (dorsal view); 13, P1; 14, P2; 15, P3.
Nota: Urosome 3-segmented, genital segment as wide than long, anal segment and caudal rami fused.. Caudal rami slightly asymmetrical. A2 with proximal endopodal segment shorter than distal. 2nd basal segment of Md longer than exopod, and furnished on inner margin with 3 fine setae; endopodite 2-segmented, distal segment half of the length of 1st segment.

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 4 of morphological figures

Plate 4 issued from : J. Corral Estrada in Tesis Doct., Univ. Madrid, A-129, Sec. Biologicas, 1970. [Lam.9]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female (from Canarias Is.): 1, habitus (dorsal); 2, idem (lateral right side); 3, forehead (lateral); 4, idem (dorsal, another specimen); 6, idem (lateral).

Male: 7, habitus (dorsal); 8, P5.

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 5 of morphological figures

Plate 5 issued from : J. Corral Estrada in Tesis Doct., Univ. Madrid, A-129, Sec. Biologicas, 1970. [Lam.10]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: 1, urosome (dorsal); 2, idem (ventral); 3, idem (lateral right side); 4, A2; 5, Md (mandibular palp); 6, Md (cutting edge); 7, Mx1.

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 6 of morphological figures

Plate 6 issued from : J. Corral Estrada in Tesis Doct., Univ. Madrid, A-129, Sec. Biologicas, 1970. [Lam.11]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: 1-1a, A1; 2, Mxp; 3, P1; 4, P2; 5, P3; 6, P4.

Nota: A1 23-segmented (segments 1+2, 24+25 fused), extending beyond caudal rami by 3 segments. Proportional lengths of segments: 80:32:21:34:32:32:58:36:40:38:48:46:52:58:50:55:50:48:42:42:38:34:44 = 1000

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 7 of morphological figures

Plate 7 issued from : J. Corral Estrada in Tesis Doct., Univ. Madrid, A-129, Sec. Biologicas, 1970. [Lam.12, figs.1-4]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: 1, Mx2; 2, urosome (ventral, another specimen); 3, idem (dorsal); 4, idem (lateral left side).

Nota: The urosomal segments ( furca included) in the proportional lengths 50:12:38 = 100.

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 8 of morphological figures

Plate 8 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892, 19 , Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.35, Fig.14]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: 14, habitus (dorsal).

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 9 of morphological figures

Plate 9 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892, 19 , Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.35, Figs.33, 36]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Female: 33, forehead (dorsal); 36, head (lateral).

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 10 of morphological figures

Plate 10 Issued from : W. Giesbrecht in Systematik und Faunistik der Pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. – Fauna Flora Golf. Neapel, 1892, 19 , Atlas von 54 Tafeln. [Taf.35, Fig.5]. As Eucalanus monachus.
Male: 5, habitus (lateral).

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Plate 11 of morphological figures

Plate 11 Issued from : M.C. Kos in Field guide for plankton. Zool Institute USSR Acad., Vol. I, 1972. After Giesbrecht, 1892. As Eucalanus monachus.
Male: 1, left P5

Complementary References

List of the studied authors

Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998 a (p.109); Lapernat, 2000 (tabl.3, 4); CPR, 2004 (p.62, fig.187); Valdés & al., 2007 (p.103: tab.1); Khelifi-Touhami & al., 2007 (p.327, Table 1); Cabal & al., 2008 (289, Table 1); Schnack-Schiel & al., 2010 (p.2064, Table 2: E Atlantic subtropical/tropical); Goetze & Ohman, 2010 (p.2110, Table 1, biogeography); Mazzocchi & Di Capua, 2010 (p.425); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Medellin-Mora & Navas S., 2010 (p.265, Tab. 2); Nowaczyk & al;, 2011 (p.2159, Table 2); Salah S. & al., 2012 (p.155, Tableau 1); Uysal & Shmeleva, 2012 (p.909, Table I); Belmonte & al., 2013 (p.222, Table 2, abundance vs stations); Jagadeesan & al., 2013 (p.27, Table 3, seasonal variation); Lidvanov & al., 2013 (p.290, Table 2, % composition); Siokou & al., 2013 (p.1313, fig. 7, 8, biomass, vertical distribution); Zakaria & al., 2016 (p.1, Table 1); Benedetti & al., 2016 (p.159, Table I, fig.1, functional characters); Marques-Rojas & Zoppi de Roa, 2017 (p.495, Table 1); El Arraj & al., 2017 (p.272, table 2, seasonal composition); Benedetti & al., 2018 (p.1, Fig.2: ecological functional group); Belmonte, 2018 (p.273, Table I: Italian zones); Chaouadi & Hafferssas, 2018 (p.913, Table II: occurrence).

Distribution

NZ: 18

Distribution map of Subeucalanus monachus by geographical zones

Distribution map of Subeucalanus monachus for the Zone Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea

Distribution map of Subeucalanus monachus for the Zone Indian Ocean

Distribution map of Subeucalanus monachus for the Zone China Seas, Vietnam

Additional Maps & Charts

Species Subeucalanus monachus - Distribution map 5

Map 5 Issued from : I. Siokou, S. Zervoudaki & E. D. Christou in J. Plankton Res., 20013, 35 (6). [p.1319, Fig.5].
Vertical distribution of Subeucalanus monachus abundance (ind.m³ in the Aegean Sea. 1997.
M: March; S: September.
In the north Aegean Sea S. monachus (large copepod ) had an almost similar vertical pattern as Calanus helgolandicus, its maximum abundance was recorded in the 50-100 m layer (10.46 ind.m³ and 6% of copepods and decreased gradually down to 300 m (0.2 ind.m³) and10% of copepods. A slight increase was observed <500 m, but it relative abundance was important within the deep copepod community. The species was rarely found in the deep layers in the northern;
See for comparison :Calanus helgolandicus and hydrological parameters (temperature, salinity) profiles from the same authors.

Localisations

Geographical glossary

South Africa (E & SW), Namibia, Angola, Baia Farta, Congo, off Ascension Is., G. of Guinea, off Lagos, Ivorian shelf, off Sierra Leone, off E St. Paul Is., Casamance, Dakar, Cape Verde Is. off Morocco-Mauritania, Cap Ghir, NW Cape Verde Is. , Canary Is., off Madeira, off W Cap Finisterre, Portugal, Azores, Brazil, Mouth of Tocantins, Barbados Is., Caribbean Colombia, Cariaco Basin, Bahia de Mochima (Venezuela), Caribbean Sea, Jamaica, E Costa Rica, G. of Mexico, Florida, Sargasso Sea, Station "S" (32°10'N, 64°30'W), off Woods Hole, off Newfoundland, Mauritania, Cap Ghir, Ibero-moroccan Bay, Gibraltar, Medit. (M'Diq, Alboran Sea, Habibas Is., Sidi Fredj coast, Algiers, El Kala shelf, Ligurian Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Taranto, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Thracian Sea, W Egyptian coast, Lebanon Basin, Marmara Sea), Red Sea, Gulf of Oman, G. of Aden, Arabian Sea, Kavaratti & Agatti Is. (only offside)Maldive Is., off Cochin, Sri Lanka, India (Saurashtra coast, Lawson's Bay, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay), G. of Bengal, S Burma, Andaman Sea, Philippines, Indonesia-Malaysia, Viet-Nam (Cauda Bay), China Seas, Japan, off Kuril Is., Bering Sea, Queen Charlotte Is., British Columbia, off Hawaii, Guaymas Basin, off Tuamotu Is., Central America, W Costa Rica, off Galapagos, off Peru, off Chile, off Valparaiso

Quotations

N: 171 ?

Dimensions (mm)

References of the authors concerning dimensions

(45) F: 2,35-2; M: 2,25-2; (47) F: 2,35-2,13; M: 2,2; (73) F: 2,5-2,31; (75) F: 2,26-1,81; (180) F: 2,35; M: 2,35; (207) F: 2,84-2,73; (237) F: 2,05; M: 2,3; (334) F: 2,5; M: 2; (327) F: 2,68-2,14; (332) F: 2,74-2,13; M: 2,6-2,37; (333) F: 2,1-1,95; M: 1,86; (334) F: 2,5; M: 2 ; (432) F: 2,4-2,15; (449) F: 2,35-2,13; M: 2,2; {F: 1,81-2,84; M: 1,86-2,60}

Remarks

meso-bathypelagic. In Sargasso Sea: 500-2000 m (Deevey & Brooks, 1977, Station "S");
After Björnberg (1963, p.21) F. Dahl recorded E. vadicola at the mouth of the Amazon River, characterising it by a wider and flatter cephalon similar to that of the female of E. crassus, second caudal seta stronger than that of the European E. monachus, a fatter, not hairy last segment of the P5 in the male and a shorter terminal spine than in the European E. monachus; intermediate forms besides the described E. vadicola and E. monachus are present in the samples from Brazilian coastal waters. For the author, apparently E. monachus is a very variable species which prefers coastal or shelf waters of salinities below 35.00 p.1000.
For Vervoort (1963 b, p.100) suspects as S. pileatus a great variability in external appearance in S. monachus with a comparable degree of variability, and has little doubt that both species have frequently been confused.
Timonin (1971, p.282) considers the trophic interrelations in the equatorial and tropical Indian Ocean, and divides the plankters into 6 trophic groups from the litterature and the results of studies of mouth-parts structure and intestine content. This species is a coarse-filter feeder.
After Benedetti & al. (2018, p.1, Fig.2) this species belonging to the functional group 4 corresponding to small filter feeding herbivorous and mixed feeding omnivorous (mostly broadcasters).

Last update : 25/10/2022

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