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Calanoida ( Ordre )

détails

    Clausocalanoidea ( Superfamille )

détails

 Abréviations ou symboles

issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & F.D. Ferrari in Invert. Zool., 2005, 2 (2). [p.162, Table 4]
Setation of oral parts in females Clausocalanidae (Clausocalanoidea) and ancestral condition of setation.

Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey in An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray Society, 2004, No 166, Part. I. [p.91].
Armature formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.
Setation of both rami sometimes reduced.

Nota: Males typically lacking outer margin spines on 1st and 2nd exopodal segments of P1. 3rd exopodal segment of P2 to P4 with only 2 spines in Spicipes and Drepanopus bispinosus Bayly. Surface of basis of P2 and P3, and of rami of P1 to P4 with or without ornamentation of spinules.
- Female P5 uniramous and 3-segmented: comprising fused coxae and intercoxal sclerite, and 2 free segments: 1st free segment (basis) unarmed, 2nd free segment (exopod) with 2 spinous processes apicallyt. P5 sometimes rudimentary, absent in female Pseudocalanus and Microcalanus.
- Male P5 rarely biramous with rudimentary endopod, typically uniramous and asymmetrical; short leg, 1 to 3-segmented with minute spinules on apex: long leg elongate, with short coxa fused to body, basis and 3 exopodal segments each elongate; armed with 2 apical setae. Short leg typically on right side and long leg on left, occasionally reversed with long leg on right side and short on left.
- Eggs released into water or retained in single ventral mass, as in Pseudocalanus and some species of Clausocalanus.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & J. Renz in Crustaceana, 2015, 88 (9). [p.1042, Table I].
Differences in A1 and Mx2 setation between taxa of Clausocalanidae and Aetididae.
The data obtained provided the basis for a primary revision of the clausocalanid characters through the re-examination of the antennule and oral parts of Microcalanus Sars, 1901, Ctenocalanus Giesbrecht, 1888, Farrania Sars, 1920 and a few species of Aetideidae.
As a result of the study a combination of characters is proposed to distinguish between the families Clausocalanidae and Aetideidae.
The genera Clausocalanus, Drepanopus, Ctenocalanus, Microcalanus and Pseudocalanus of the family Clausocalanidae have been found to share the following combination of characters that distinguish them from the aetideid genera : 1 - Male A1 ancestral segments I-II fused (vs male A1 ancestral segments I-II separate in Aetideiae (Bradford-Grieve & al., 2010). 2 - Female A1 ancestral segments XIII, XVII, XIX, XXI armed as ''1s + 1ae'' or only ''1s'' (vs XIII, XVII, XIX armed as ''2s"", or ''2s + 1ae'' in Aetideidae). 3 - Mx2 praecoxal endite armed with 4 or 5 long setae (vs 3 long setae, or 3 long setae plus 1 very small seta in Aetideidae) (see in Aetideopsis armata fig.6, C).
A further more detailed study of the clausocalanid morphology can add to the list of their diagnostic characters in order to compile the differential diagnosis of the family Clausocalanidae among the other members of the superfamily.

Issued from : G.A. Boxshall & S.H. Halsey inThe Ray Society, 2004, N° 166. [p.93, Fig.15]. Clausocalanidae.
A, Pseudocalanus elongatus, habitus female; B, habitus male; C, female P2; D, male P5; E, Microcalanus pusillus male P5; F, Drepanopus pectinatus female P5; G, Clausocalanus arcuicornis basis of female P2; H, female P5.
Sars, 1901: A-D; Sars 1903a: E; Giesbrecht, 1893a: F-H.

Informations complémentaires pour cette famille

Issued from : B. Frost & A. Fleminger inBull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. California, 1968, 12. [p.16].
Spines and setae formula of swimming legs P1 to P4.
B1 = Coxa; B2 = basis.

issued from : A. Skovgaard & N. Daugbjerg in Protist, 2008, 159. [p.405, Fig.3 A-F].
Paradinium spp.in Clausocalanus sp. from the NW Mediterranean Sea.
A: appearance of infected host at the time of discovery (t = 0h). The host's body cavity is almost completely filled with parasite cell mass.
B: t = 22h, the parasite cell mass adheres as a large shere to the host's urosome.
C-F: t = 0h, infested host with parasite cell mass; D, t = 19h, parasite cell mass adheres as a string of speres connected to the host's urosome; E, t = 21h, parasite cell mass uncoupled from the host; F, t = 23h, additional parasite cell mass attached to the urosome of the host that now contains only a small amount of parasite cell mass.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & J. Renz in Crustaceana, 2015, 88 (9). [p.1043, Fig.6, B, D]./em> sp. As Farrania sp.
Female: B, Mx2; D, Mx2 praecoxal endite.
Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Issued from : E.L. Markhaseva & J. Renz in Crustaceana, 2015, 88 (9). [p.1038, Fig.3, C-E].
Peniculoides secundus type species: C, D and E, maxilla in different views, endite setation is not figured in D. Enp, endopod; p, praecoxal endite; c, coxal endite; bp, basal proximal endite; bd, basal distal endite; abd, attenuation of basal distal endite; el, enditic-like lobe of proximal endopodal segment.
Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Remarks: The maxilla of the new genus strongly deviates from that of a typical clausocalanoidean an dis strongly specialized distally. The maxilla setal formula can be described as : 4 setae on the praecoxal endite ; 3 setae on the coxal endite ; 2 setae on the proximal basal endite ; 1 seta plus 1 spine-like attenuation on the distal basal endite ; 2 setae on the enditic-like lobe of proximal endopodal segment and 3 endopod setae (terminology follows Ferrari & Ivanenko, 2008). However, homologies of the maxilla distal part are not completely resolved : apparently, the distal basal endite could also be interpreted as lacking armament, then, the spine-like attenuation supplied with 1 stiff set is an enditic-like lobe of an endopod proximal segment, and the endopod bears 2 + 3 setae. Following this interpretation the maximma setal formula is as : 4, 3, 2, 0, 1 + 1 and 2 + 3.

issued from : B.W. Frost in Can. J. Zool., 1989, 67 . [Fig.2, p.528].
mesures utilisées dans la clé de détermination des femelles et des mâles.
exemples: A, female (habitus, lateral view) [P. minutus]; B, C, male (anterior portion of cephalosome, lateral and dorsal views, respectively) [P. acuspes]; D, female (urosome, lateral view) [P. minutus]; E, male (urosome, lateral view) [P. minutus]; F, female (posterior segments of urosome and caudal rami, lateral view) [P. minutus]; G, male (posterior segments of urosome and caudal rami, dorsal view) [P. moultoni]; H, male (A1) [P. minutus]; I, female (basal and coxal segments of P4) [P. minutus];
J, spermatophore [P. moultoni];
AS, anterodorsal sensillum; A1 (antennule); B1L (length of basal segment of leg; B2L (length of basipod 2 segment of leg); CL (cephalothorax length); CRL (caudal ramus length); CRW (caudal ramus width); PL (prosome length); SL (spermatophore length); SRL (seminal receptacle length); UL (urosome length); UW (urosome width)
Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Issued from : P. Tiselius, E. Saiz & T. Kiørboe in Limnol. Oceanogr., 2013, 58 (5). [p.1661, Fig.4].
Time sequence of the capture of a Heterocapsa triquetra (Dinoflagellate) cell (in circle) by a Pseudocalanus sp. copepodite from Gullmar Fjord (W Sweden).
Frame number is shown and the position of A2 (blue), Md (yellow), Mx1 (red) and Mxp (green) shown for clarity.
See movie in online Web Appendix, Video 1, Frames 162-242).

Nota: Figure shows the sequence of Pseudocalanus sp. motions leading to the capture of the cell of Heterocapsa triquetra was detected, probably by the distal setae of the A2 endopod. Tipically the Mxp and swimming legs were the first to show a capturing movement. Swimming legs started to move out and were fully extended at Frame 182. The A2, Md and Mx1 all made a recovery stroke (Frames 162-187). The Mxp started a typical capture sweep when it moved in a wider circle (Frames 167-187); but in contrast to a regular stroke, the setae were trailing until Frame 187 when the stroke turned into an inward sweeping motion and setae moved water forward (Frames 187-202), meeting the tips of the Md and Mx1. The opposite Mxp (right) moved completely independently and 180° out of phase and helped pushing water toward the capturing area. This can be seen in Frames 177-182, where the right Mxp was in the capturing area. A2 remained in a forward position (Frames 182-242) for the whole capturing event. A suction flow into the capture area was created by the simultaneous opening of the swimming legs (Frames 162-177), the rapid backward stroke of the Mxp (Frames 176-172), and the recovery stroke of A2 and Md (Frames 167-182). This capture area was bounded by the setae on the Mx1 epipodite and rami and by the endites and endopod setae of Mx2. The Mx2 endopod setae were very flexible and spread across a large area (Frames 177-182, 187, 212) and made short beats when trying to capture the cell. The Mx2 endopod and endite setae and the Mx1 handled the particle and brought it toward the mouth (Frames 217-242).
During capture attempts, the mx2 moved very quick with a cycle of 10.3 ± 2.2 ms.
The capturing event (Frames 162-242) thus consisted of 2 full cycles by the left Mxp, 1-2 cycles in opposite direction by the right Mxp, 3 sweeps by the Mx2, and somewhat unclear motions of the Mx1 and Md.
The cell disappeared at Frame 242 in the vicinity of the mouth.
The capture of this cell lasted 36.4 ms and the average of all capturing events was 35 ± 19 ms.

Issued from : J.M. Questel, L. Blanco-Bercial, R.R. Hopcroft & A. Bucklin in J. Plankton Res., 2016, 38 (3). [p.616, Fig. 3].
Cytochrome oxidase I haplotype networks for wrm>P. acuspes, P. minutus, P. mimus and P. newmani.
Each circle represents a unique haplotype; sizes are scaled on the number of individuals expresing that particular haplotype. Each mode represents a single bp mutation.

Informations complémentaires pour la famille des Clausocalanidae ( retour aux informations principales )

figure 1

espèces	Lg (mm)	Localisations	Prof.
Farrania lyra	3,30 à 4	tempéré
Farrania oblonga	-	tempéré
Farrania orba	-	tempéré
Farrania pacifica	-	? Sub-arct., tempéré froid	B-A
Farrania frigida	±2 à 3	cosmop., Antarct., sub-tropic	M-B
Drepanopus bispinosus	-	Antarct.
Drepanopus pectinatus	-	Antarct., sub-Antarct.	N
Drepanopus forcipatus	± 1,50 à ± 2,5	sub-Antarct.
Pseudocalanus major	-	Arct.
Pseudocalanus acuspes	-	Arct., sub-arct.
Clausocalanus ingens	-	Sub-antarct., tempéré froid
Clausocalanus lividus	1 à ± 2	cosmop., tempéré chaud	E
Pseudocalanus minutus	-	cosmop., Arct., sub-arct.
Clausocalanus mastigophorus	-	tempéré chaud, tropic.
Clausocalanus brevipes	-	sub-antarct.
Pseudocalanus mimus	-	sub-arct.
Pseudocalanus moultoni	-	sub-arct., tempéré froid	L
Clausocalanus laticeps	-	Antarct., sub-antarct.
Clausocalanus arcuicornis	-	cosmop., tempéré	E
Pseudocalanus elongatus	-	tempéré
Clausocalanus parapergens	1 à ± 1,5	cosmop., sub-tropic.	E
Clausocalanus jobei	-	cosmop., tropic., sub-tropic.	E, N
Clausocalanus furcatus	-	cosmop., tropic., sub-tropic.
Ctenocalanus heronae	-	tropic.
Ctenocalanus vanus	-	cosmop., sub-tropic., tempéré	E-B
Pseudocalanus newmani	-	Arct., sub-arct.
Drepanopus bungei	-	Arct.
Spicipes nanseni	-	sub-tropic.	B
Ctenocalanus citer	-	Antarct., sub-antarct.
Ctenocalanus campaneri	-	tropic.	E-M
Clausocalanus minor	0,6 à ± 1	tropic., sub-tropic.
Ctenocalanus tageae	-	tropic.
Clausocalanus farrani	-	tropic., sub-tropic.
Clausocalanus pergens	-	tropic., sub-tropic.	E-B
Microcalanus pygmaeus	-	sub-antarct., sub-tropic., sub-arct.	E-B
Clausocalanus paululus	< à 1	sub-antarct., sub-tropic.	E
?Microcalanus pusillus	-	cosmop., Antarct., sub-trop., sub-arct.